23 



SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. 



Group I.— TURBINARIiE CRATERIFORMES. 



(Containing those Tttrhinarians which, in the adult condition, appear to depart least from the early 



cup shape.) 



Species 1. Turbinaria crater. (PI. L; 1*1. XXXI. fig. 1.) 



I Madrepm-a infundibuliformis, Linnaeus,* 1766, Syst. Nat., i. p. 1282. 



Madrepora crater, Pallas, Elenchus Zooph., 1766, p. 332. 



Madrepora crater, Esper, Fortsetz., 1797, i. p. 91, tab. Ixxiv., and ii. p. 15, tab. l.K.xxvi. 



TurUnaria crater, Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturg. Zool., 1815, i. p. 67. 



Explanaria infunilibulum, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., 1816, p. 255. 



? Gemmipora crater, Blainville, Man. d'Actin., 183-1, p. 387 ; and Atlas, pi. hi. figs. 6, 6a ; ? Tnr- 



hinaria crater, M.E. and H., Les Coralliaires, iii. (1860) p. 165; non TurUnaria crater, Quelch, 



Chal. Rep., 1886, xvi. p. 166. 



Ecmarl's on the Si/non)jnvj. — Owing to the fact that all Turbinarians typically commence 

 life as cups, the name crater has been given to young examples of many diflerent species. 

 Owing, moreover, to the shortness of the descriptions, it is not now possible to ascertain to 

 what types authors' specimens really belonged. Only where figures are given, or where some 

 unmistakable characteristic is mentioned, is this possible. The first figures given are those by 

 Esper, which agree fairly well with Pallas' original description, and must, therefore, be taken 

 as representing the true T. crater. De Blainville also gives a figure, wliich may or may not 

 be the same species as that figured by Esper, inasmuch as it clearly represents a very young 

 specimen, whose ultimate gi'owth may depart entirely from the crateriform type. Lastly, 

 Quelch, in liis ' Challenger ' report, has given the name T. crater to three specimens, which 

 appear to me to differ too greatly from one anotlier, and from Esper's figure, to be classed 

 together under this specific name. 



Description. — Corallum more or less regularly cup-shaped, with thin margin (2-3 mm.), 

 wrinkled e.Kternally, and often wavy. The cup expands directly from the base, making an 

 angle with it ; the stalk of the young cup being practically obliterated. 



The calicles, arranged close together, in irregular wavy concentric rows, which are 



• This is the last name given by Linnaaus ; in 1737, in his 'Hortus cliffortianus,' p. 480, he 

 described certain Turbinarians as Millepora cijalhiformi^ turbinata intcrius proUfera, while in 1700. 

 in the 10th edition of the Syst. Nat., p. 789, he called them Tuhipora infundibuliformis. 



