24 MADEEPORARIA. 



about the width of a calicle apart, hardly project above the surface, and look upwards. 

 Their round or round-oval apertures vary in diameter from IS to 2 mm., and the number 

 of septa varies greatly in different specimens, as well as on one and the same specimen 

 (16-24). The septa, seen from above, project beyond the half-radius circle, but bend 

 round and slope gradually down from the margin of the calicle ; in the bottom of the 

 small round-oval but shallow fossa, is the indistinct, often thin and ridge-like columella. 

 The interseptal loculi, though not sharply bounded peripherally, are nearly long petaloid.* 

 Ccenenchyma finely granular, where the ridge-and-furrow system is not marked. 



This description, which agrees with that of Pallas (as far as his description goes), is 

 based upon a large specimen (see PI. I.) in the Collection from some unknown locality, 

 which had been labelled " T. crater, Pallas " by so careful a worker as Brliggemann. The 

 specimen, further, compares fairly well with Esper's drawings. It is an almost perfectly 

 regular cup, 40 cm. across, and 14 deep j the circumference of the stalk is also approxi- 

 mately 40 cm. Pallas mentions having seen specimens more than a foot across. The 

 fine specimen here described shows attempts to form buds from the outer face — a phenomenon 

 also mentioned by Pallas. 



In addition to tliis specimen, there are in the Collection at least eight cup-shaped 

 Turbinarians from Australia, which have some claim to being classed specifically with the 

 one described. No two of tliem are exactly alike, and each differs in some one or more points 

 from the specimen upon which the description given above is based. 



The nearest is a large cup from King's Sound, West Australia, 50 cm. across, 25 deep. 

 Its rim is so wavy that it is no longer circular. The calicles are arranged very much as in the 

 above description. The specimen is infested with a number of Balanids. In other specimens, 

 also from King's Sound, the calicles are not so crowded, the septa are shorter, not reaching to 

 the half-radius circle, more numerous, and the fossa is larger, with a well-developed columella 

 in the base. 



One remarkably regular cup, also from King's Sound, some 30 cm. across, is distinguished 

 by its minute calicles. It appears as if the minute submerged calicles found only in the 

 bottom of the last-mentioned specimens had spread over its whole surface. Their general 

 arrangement is the same, but being smaller, they appear less crowded. There are other 

 specimens, again, in which both small and large calicles are found. 



A few of the smaller of the specimens from King's Sound have their edges crumpled by 

 overcrowding, or else by parasitic growths. They closely resemble, and perhaps should be 

 united with T. tmdata. 



In addition to the above, again, are two from Thursday Island, Great Barrier Eeef. The 

 large one, 25 cm. in diameter, growing on a mother-of-pearl shell, has the calicles looking 

 upwards and outwards ; and the septa, not projecting beyond the half-radius circle, bound a 

 larger and deeper central fossa. The smaller specimen is an almost perfect cup, 14 cm. in 

 diameter, and growing from the bent-up margin of a former cup, which had been overturned 

 and killed. This differs from its companion in the more sparse arrangement of the calicles, 

 which are also more oval, and in the greater size and depth of the elliptical fossa, and consequent 

 distinctness of the columella. 



In most of the specimens, especially in the larger, the calicles in the bottom of the cup 



* See the Hst of taxonomic characters given in the Introduction, p. 17. 



