8 MADREPORARIA. 



describing two new species, T. sinensis and T. dichotoma, he adds no new observations on the 

 morphology or affinities of the genus. 



Klunzinger, in 1879, in an important work ('Die Korallenthiere des rothen Meeres') 

 adopts Verrill's position for the genus TtirUnaria, changing, however, the family name into 

 Turljinarid-e, which comprises two genera, Turhinaria and Astrccopora. Following earlier 

 authors, he describes the method of budding as basal. He does not, however, repeat Dana's 

 doubts as to the association of Astrmoxoora with Turhinaria in one family. 



Besides giving a detailed description of Lamarck's species, T. mesenterina, he records one 

 new species, T. conica, his description being illustrated by photographs. 



In 1880, Professor Studer,* following Ehrenberg and Dana, described the budding of 

 Turhinaria as basal. The young buds are said to appear in a " basal expansion of the 

 coenenchyma, somewhat as in Gal(w:ea" 



In 1884, Professor Martin Duncan f revised Milne-Edwards' classification of the families 

 and genera of the Madreporaria. No alteration was, however, made in the position and 

 affinities of the genus Turhinaria. 



In 1886, Mr. Quelch, in his ' Challenger ' report on the Reef Corals, while in the main 

 following Martin Duncan's revised classification, greatly simplified it. Under the family 

 Madreporidffi, he simply ranges five genera : Turhinaria, Madrepora, Astreopora, Anacropora 

 and Montipora. He distributed the specimens of Turhinaria collected by the ' Challenger ' 

 among seven species, of which one, T. wqualis, is new. 



In still more recent times, great attention has been paid to the anatomy, morphology 

 and development of the individual polyps, studied by means of the more exact methods of 

 research now common in our laboratories. These investigations are, however, not extensive 

 enough, and the investigators are not sufficiently unanimous in their interpretations, to 

 admit of more than suggestions as to the guiding principles of a natural classification. 

 They further ajDpear to leave out of account the influences arising from the form of the 

 colony upon the individual polyps, which, in some cases,| at least, are, I am convinced, 

 considerable. 



In 1888, Mr. G. C. Bom'ne§ suggested an entire rearrangement of the Madreporaria, based 

 upon the morphology of the polyp. The Madreporaria fall into four groups : (1) with no 

 directive mesenteries and a perfectly radial symmetry ; (2) — ui which the genus Turhinaria 

 falls — with directive mesenteries and a combined radial and bilateral symmetry ; (3) with 

 reduced radial and marked bilateral symmetry ; (4) with basal pseudotheca and no " Eand- 

 platte." 



* 'tjber Knospung und Thcikmg bei Madreporariern,' Mitth. Nat. Forsch. Gesell. Bern, 

 1880, p. 6. 



f Linnean Soc. .Jom-n. Zool., vol. xviii. p. 1. 



I ' Notes, Morphological and Systematic, on the genus Turhinaria,' Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 XV. (1895) p. .518. 



§ Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci., xxviii. p. -19. 



