54 MADREPOKARIA. 



narrow in three cycles, some of the third cycle wanting except in larger calicles when some of 

 the fourth appear ; the fossse very deep, columella reduced. 



Ccenenchyma loosely porous and spongy. Under surface even, uniformly covered with 

 loose, irregular papillae, with large irregular pores below. 



This type, thus described by Verrill, is from Hong Kong and the China Sea. There are 

 no crateriform corals in the Collection closely resembling it. But certain foliate stocks from 

 Formosa were classified under tliis name by Briiggemann. While the foliate Turbinarians 

 doubtless start life as cups, and individuals may persist as such until they are a gi-eat size, it 

 is perhaps somewhat daring to connect foliate stocks with the descriptions of large crateriform 

 stocks without possessing for close comparison a complete series. Nevertheless, I am inclined 

 to think that Briiggemann's instinct led him right, at least in regard to two specimens. The 

 fronds in these cases are thick, and though one is wholly foliate, the smaller one is still 

 traceable to a cup with a short thick peduncle. 



Other characters also appear to agree very well with Verrill's type. Hence it is difficult 

 to give any reason, in the absence of actual evidence, why these should not be the later growths 

 of a crateriform stock similar to that described by Verrill. 



While, therefore, for practical purposes, Briiggemann's identification is accepted, it is 

 well to point out possible objections. (1) Verrill's cup was very large, 14 inches wide, 

 10 high, which would be, I should think, unusual in a stock whose typical method of growth 

 was foliate with fronds not much more, generally less, than 4 inches deep. (2) The character 

 of the ccenenchyma cannot be relied upon, as all the corals from the China Seas appear to re- 

 semble one another just as do those from Tonga tabu and those from Shark's Bay, in this respect. 



For further identification, then, it will be well to add that in Briiggemann's larger 

 specimen, the fossa is slightly funnel-shaped, and like the aperture, generally circular. 

 Nevertheless, in the shallower calicles near the growing margin, the columella is a small but 

 distinct, prominent, oval mass, seen under the glass to be composed of irregular granules, not 

 visibly joined to form a spongework. The interseptal loculi are broad and sufficiently 

 pronounced to give the apertures a star-like appearance, and except near the growing margin 

 are more or less sharply bounded peripherally, that is, they do not run into furrows or fissures 

 in the ccenenchyma surrounding the calicle. The septa slope downwards, almost immediately 

 bending round with a sharp curve or with an angle to form together the fossa. The growing 

 edges of the fronds show a slight tendency to bend outwards and to have a wavy outUne ; 

 neither of these points, however, being so marked as in T. pulchcrrima. 



In addition to the two specimens identified ])y Briiggemann is another which bears a 

 sufficiently close resemblance to the smaller of these two to be classed with it, although 

 collected from a different region. It is merely a fragment of an old stock and consists chiefly 

 of short thick cylinders. 



a, b. Formosa. Swinhoe Coll. 



c. Rocky Island, Great Barrier Reef. Saville-Kent Coll. 



Species 33. Turbinaria tubifera. (PI. Xlll. ; PI. XXXII. fig. 7.) 

 Description. — Corallum a mass of more or less erect fronds 8 to 10 era. deep, very much 

 folded, but not densely crowded, forming many open cylinders and funnels ; the cylinders may 

 put out smaller lateral cylinders. Margin thick, wa-sy, not bent outwards. 



