TURBINARLE FOLIATE. 55 



Calicles somewhat crowded, slightly but very regularly projecting, almost as hemispheres 

 (3 mm. diameter). Apertures (1 mm.) round, filling the whole top of the projection. Septa 

 (about 20) seen from above appear to project beyond the half-radius circle, but really slope 

 gradually down from the margin to this pomt and then descend vertically round a small 

 clearly marked oval fossa. Columella long-oval, often showing a very prominent directive 

 keel. The interseptal loculi are very marked, as long gashes in the circular margin continuous 

 with the fine open meshwork of the coenenchyma. 



The ccenenchyma is a very fine spongy mass, showing, however, under the glass, especially 

 on the outer surface, a delicate ridge-and-furrow system. On the upper surface these gyrate, 

 but on the lower they tend to run in the line of growth. 



The single specimen is part of an old stock and shows the typical method of growth ; 

 the calicles are unlike those of any other Turbinarian in the Collection. At the same time, it 

 has a very similar general appearance to other Turbinarians from the same locality. But as we 

 have seen, this similarity is very delusive, being due to the action of the environment and not 

 to any close relationship. The specimen was, apparently on account of this resemblance, 

 classed by Lriiggemann with T. sinensis. The specific name refers to the number of open 

 cylinders wliich characterise the stock. The method of formation of the cylinders reminds 

 one of the mesenteriform type of growth, but it is too irregular in this case. 



a. Formosa. ' Swinhoe Coll. (Type.) 



Species 34 Turbinaria venusta. (PI. XI. ; PI. XXXII. fig. 8.) 



Description. — Corallum a mass of erect fronds, not thick, nor crowded, 6 to 8 cm. deep, 

 slightly wrinkled, not wavy along the margin. 



Calicles projecting as thin cylinders up to 3 mm. high, nearly at right angles to the 

 coenenchyma. The rounded tips of the projection fully occupied by the oval apertures 

 (ca. 2 mm.) The septa (about 16) project beyond the half-radius circle, and bend round 

 immediately to descend vertically round a deep oval fossa. Columella protuberant as a long 

 oval mass of irregular granules. Interseptal loculi narrow and long, not marked off peri- 

 pherally, often like gashes cut down deep in the oval wall of the projecting caUcle. 



Coenenchyma on the upper surface punctate, shomng only the tips of closely crowded 

 granular projections. On the outside, near the margin, these are less crowded and the pores 

 can be seen between ; this character passes towards the base of the frond into a typical ridge- 

 and-furrow system, which gi-adually becomes dense and stony by the thickening and smooth- 

 ening of the ridges. 



I at first gave the specific name xenusta to a small and very beautiful cup wliich 

 appeared to stand alone in the Collection. The resemblance in general characters between 

 this cup and the fragment of the larger foliate corallum above described, seemed, however, to 

 justify their being provisionally classed together. The small cup differs chiefly in the more 

 coarsely granular character of the canenchyma, which, as usual, affects the tliickness of the 

 septa and the general appearance of the aperture. The calicles, further, do not seem to 

 project so markedly. The septa average 18-20, i. e. more than in the older specimen. 



