SEMAEOSTOMEiE — CHRYSAORA. 581 



Miss M. J. Delap finds tiiat the scyphostoma of Chrysnora does not cat copepods or small 

 fish, but feeds voraciously upon hydromedusae, siphonophorae, ctenophorae, and pelagic worms. 



Claus, 1877, has studied the growth of the ephyra. At first the 8 ephyra lohes are very 

 long and slender with deep, adradial clefts between them and with sharp-pointed, marginal 

 lappets. There are 8 sense-organs but no tentacles. Later 4 and then 8 tentacles develop 

 and the medusa is in the Pelagia-stage. The first 4 tentacles are in the 4 adradial clefts which 

 precede the 4 perradii in the direction of the hands of the watch (see text-figure 372). The 

 adradial stomach-pouches develop later than the perradial and iinerradial. 



The hermaphroditism of Chrysaora was first observed by Derbi's (1850, Aiinal. des Sci. 

 Nat., tome 13, p. 377) and later by Wright (1861), Claus (1877), and Haeckel (1880). Young 

 individuals are apt to be male, middle-aged ones hermaphroditic, older ones female. Some 

 are, however, of one sex only throughout lite. In other cases when the production of eggs 

 in the entoderm of the gonads begins to decline, a number ot sac-like ca\ ities, ot irregular size, 

 develop not only in the gonads but in other parts of the subumbrella wall, and these give rise 

 to spermatozoa. 



Chrysaora hysoscella var. blossevillei. 



Chrysaora blossevillri, Lesson, 1829, Voyage de la CoyHiV/eZoo!., p. ii5,planche 13, fig. 2; i843,Hist.Zooph. Acalfephes, p.401. — 

 Haeckel, 1S80, Syst. der Medusen, p. 514. — Lendenfeld, R. von, 1884, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, 

 p. 268 — Vanhoffen, 1888, Bibliotheca Zoologica, Bd. I, Heft. 3, p. 15, taf. I, fig. 3. 



Lohocrocis blossevillei, .'\gassiz, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, p. 166. 



This is closely allied to C. hysoscella, of which it is probably a local \ariety. 



Disk 28 to 37 mm. wide, or larger, and about 7 to g mm. thick. Exumbrella covered 

 with small, round, nettling warts. According to Vanhoffen there are 4 marginal lappets in 

 each octant between successive sense-organs. The 8 interocular clefts are twice as deep as are 

 the 16 clefts adjacent to them. The longest tentacles arise from the interocular clefts. These 

 are about as Ions as bell-radius. The 2 other tentacles in each octant are onl\- half as loner as 

 the interocular tentacles. There are thus 24 tentacles, 32 lappets, and 8 marginal sense- 

 organs. 16 radial pouches extend out from the central stomach and these are twice as wide 

 at margin in the interocular as in the ocular radii. The palps are shorter than bell-diameter. 

 Bell and palps yellowish, speckled with rusty-red. Coast of Brazil. Best description by 

 Vanhoffen. 



Chrysaora hysoscella var. fulgida. 



Rhizostoma fulgidum, Revnaud, 1830, Lesson's Centurie Zoologique, p. 79, plate 25. 



Chrysaora fulgida, Haeckel, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 514. — Vanhoffen, E., 1902, Wissen. Ergeb. dcutsch. Tiefsce Eipcdi- 

 tion, Valdivia, Bd. 3, Lfg. i, p. 38. 



See synoptic table of forms of Chrysaora. 



This form is very imperfectly known and may be identical with C. hysoscella. It is found 

 off the Cape of Good Hope, Africa. 



Chrysaora blossevillei var. plocamia. 



Cyanea plocamia, Lesson, 1829, Voyage de la Coquillf Zool., p. 116, plate 12, figs, i, 2. 



Chysaora plocamia, Haeckel, E., 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 516.— Vanhoffen, 1888, Bibliotheca Zool. Bd. i. Heft. 3, p. 16. 



See svnoptic table of forms of Chrysaora. 



This form is found on the South Pacific coast of South America from Peru southward, 

 and is allied to C. blossevillei of the Atlantic side. Its marginal lappets are said to be semi- 

 circular instead of oval as in C. blossevillei, and the contour of the bell-margin is circular, not 

 octangular with concave inter-rhopalar sides. It is only misleading to attempt to separate 

 species upon distinctions such as these. 



Chrysaora helvola Brandt. 



Chrysaora (Polybosirycha) helvola, Brandt, 183S, Mem. Acad. St. Petersbourg, Sci. Nat., ser. 6, tome 4, p. 384, taf. 15, fign. 1-4. 

 Chrysaora helvola, Haeckel, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 515.— Vanhoffen, 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 11, p. 48, fig. 11. 

 Chrysaora convoluia, Kishinouye, 1910, Journal College of Sci. University Tokyo, vol. 27, art. 9, p. 11, plate 2, figs. 11-14. 



See synoptic table of the species of Chrysaora. 



Distinguished by the considerable length of the 16 ocular lappets, which project beyond 

 the zone of the velar ones, thus giving an octangular appearance to marginal outline of bell. 

 The medusa is found in the North Pacific from Asia northward to Alaska and eastward to 

 the coast of California. Kishinouye finds that young cod are often found under the bell of 



