SEMAEOSTOMK.E — -SANDKRIA, DESMONKMA. 591 



Found in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, at Singapore, and oft" the east coast of Africa. 

 Some specimens of this medusa were found by the U. S. Fisheries Bureau Steamer Albatross 

 in the Philippine Islands in March and April, 1908, and Kishinouve found it at Misaki, 

 Japan. 



A perfect specimen found h\ the .-Illxitross on March 8, 1908, at station I) 5175 in the Sulu 

 Sea, southeast of Cagayanes Islands, Philippine Islands, had a bell 75 mm. wide, palps 46 lonw, 

 central stomach 35 wide, contracted tentacles 65 long, and with 25 to 30 finger-shaped pro- 

 jections bordering each genital ostium. 



Kishinouye, 1910, found an abnormal specimen with 13 tentacles, I ^ rhopalia, 26 lappets 

 and irreguiarl)- developed gonads. He found that a fish of the genus Psciics accompanieil 

 the medusa. 



Family CYANEIDiE L. Agassiz, 1862. 



Cyaneids, Agassiz, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, pp. 114, 161 .— .'\cAssiz, A., 1S65, North Amcr. Acal., p. 44.-- 

 Haeckel, 18S0, Syst. der Medusen, p. 518; 18S1, Challenger Report, Zool., Bd. 4, part. 2, p. 124.— Claus, 1883, Organ, 

 und Entwick. Medusen, p. 24.— von Lendeneeld, 1884, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 271 .— Ctj\iis, 

 1886, Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wien., Bd. 7, p. 1 10.— Vanhoffen, 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 1 1, p. 51.— Maas, 

 1906, Fauna Arctica, Bd. 4, Lfg. 3, p. 505. 



FAMILY CHARACTERS. 



Semaeostomeae with a single, 4-sided, central mouth surrounded b) 4 perradiall)- situated, 

 curtain-like lips. The tentacles arise from the floor of the subumbiella, at some distance 

 inward from the margin, and are usually in clusters. The gonads are situated in 4 complexly 

 folded, interradial outpocketmgs ot the wall of the subumbrella. The central stomach gives 

 rise to radiating, peripheral pouches, which in turn give rise to numerous branching, non- 

 anastomosing, blind canals in the lappets. There is no ring-canal. The tentacles are hollow. 



The medusa ot this family are apparently descended from some such forms as the Pelag- 

 idae. They resemble the Pelagidas in the structure of the oral appendages, the general plan 

 ot the gastrovascular system, and in the lobulation of the bell-margin. Thev differ mainly 

 in the complex branching of the peripheral edges of the radiating stomach-pouches, and 

 above all in that the tentacles arise from the floor of the subumbrella, not from the notches 

 between the lappets as in the Pelagidae. The young medusae are strikingly similar to the 

 Pelagldae in all respects, for their radiating stomach-pouches are simple and the tentacles 

 first appear in the notches between the lappets. The margin grows beyond the bases of the 

 tentacles as development proceeds, however, and thus they come secondarily to arise from 

 the floor of the subumbrella. Indeed the tentacles of all Scyphomedusae are structures of the 

 subumbrella. 



In C\anea the development is known to be through a sessile scyphostoma which strobi- 

 lates, giving off a number of ephyrae which develop into mature medusae. The Cyaneidje are 

 of universal distribution, but the great majority of the species are found in the temperate 

 regions and in the colder waters. Unlike the Pelagidae the Cyaneidae are creatures of the 

 shallower waters along shores, not animals of the high seas. 



.A synopsis of the genera of the Cyaneidae follows: 



Desmonema L. .\gassiz, 1862. 8 rhopalia, 8 adradial clusters of tentacles. No radial-muscle strands in the subum- 

 brella. 



C\anea Peron et Lesueur, lSo(i= Procyanea-^ Meiiora+Stenoptyefin+ Desmonema (in part)+ CvdrJ^d. Haeckel, 1880. 

 8 rhopalia, 8 adradial clusters of tentacles; each cluster contains several rows of tentacles. Both radial and circular 

 muscles in the subumbrella. 



Drymonema Haeckel, 1880. 8 rhopalia. Tentacles not grouped in isolated clusters, but arising from a wide zone in 

 the subumbrella. 



( ?) Patera Lesso.n, 1843 (doubtful). 16 rhopalia. i6 clusters of tentacles alternating with the radii of the rhopalia. 



Genus DESMONEMA Agassiz, 1862. 



Couthouyia, used for MoUusca by Adams, i860, Annal. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 410. 



Coulhouyioj Agassiz, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, pp. 118, 163. 



Couthouya, Maas, 1906, Fauna .\rctica, Bd. 4, Lfg. 3, pp. 487, 505; 1908, Expedition .»\ntarcti(|ue Franfaisc, Meduses, p. 3. 



Desmonirma, Agassiz, L., 1S62, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, p. 166. — R^eckel, (in part), 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 526. 

 — Lendenfeld R.,von., 1884, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 273. — Vanhoffen, 1888, BiWiotheca Zoo- 

 logica,Bd. i,Heft. 3, p. 17.— Browne, 1908, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, vol.46, p. 242. — Vanhoffen, 1908, Deutsche 

 Sudpolar Eiped., Bd. 10, Zool. 2, p. 40. 



Medora (young stage), Agassiz, L., 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. 4, p. 118. 



Medora, preoccupied for MoUusca by Adams, 1858, Genera of Mollusca, voL 2, p. 183. 



