596 



MKDUS.'E OF THE WORLD. 



The earl\' development of the planula takes place among the folds of the copious mouth- 

 curtains of the adult medusa. Segmentation is total and regular but unequal, the cells of one 

 pole being smallest. The gastrula results from simultaneous delamination and invagination 

 at the small-cell pole. The blastopore closes. The planula attaches itself by its forward end 

 and becomes a scyphostoma which acquires 15 to 20 tentacles and strobilates producing a 

 number of ephyra?. The details of this development are given under C. capillata. 



It appears that the numerous so-called species oi Cyanea intergrade to such a degree 

 that we can not maintain them, and I believe there are only tw'o species: C. capillata of the 

 nonh temperate and Arctic regions and C. annaskala of the south temperate and Antarctic. 

 In common with Pclagia^ Chrysaora, Dactylornetra, Aurellta and other world-wide forms of 

 medusae, growth-stages, color varieties and local races have fretjueni!;- been described as 

 separate species, but as our knowledge increases many intergrading terms come to light thus 

 reducing the so-called species to a few dominant types with numerous, closely related offshoots. 

 It is unfortunate that the aim of the old s\stematic zoology was niainl\' toward the empha- 

 sizing of distinctions rather than the indication ot affinities and the discovery of relationships. 



Cyanea is readily distinguished from Destuoucnia by its radiatnig muscle strands in the 

 subumbrella, and its horse-shoe shaped clusters ot tentacles. 



Cyanea capillata Eschscholtz. 



Plate 65, figs. 3 and 4. 



Medusa capillatay Linn^, 1746, Favina Succica, VA. i, p. 368, Nr. 1286; Systcma Natura?, Ed. 10, 1758, tome i, p, 660; 1788, 



tomus I, pars 6, p. 3 1 54.— Fabricics, 1780, Fauna Grocniandica, p. 364. 

 Cyanea capillata, Eschscholtz, 1819, Syst. der Acalephen, p. 68. — Van Benedkn, i886, Fauna, littor, Bclg., p. 77, taf. i, 2. — 

 ^5^_^^ Haf.ckel, 1880, Syst. der Meduscn, p. 529. — Hamann, 1890, Internal. Monatsschrift Anat. Physiol., Bd. 7, p. 259, 

 "•(^jj^taf. 12. — Browne, 1905, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 25, p. 775. — Maas, 1906, Fauna Arctica, Bd. 4, Lfg. 3, pp. 486, 



•*■ 511. — Holt, 1902, Report Fisheries of Ireland, part 2. 

 Cyanea artica, PfeRON et Lesueur, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, tome 14, p. 363. — Morch, 1857, Bcskriv. af Gronland, 

 p. 95. — Agassiz, L., 1862, Cont.Nat. Hist. U.S., V0I.4, pp. 87, 162; /i/(i. i860, vol. 3, plates 3-5(3; plate 10, figs, i-17, 

 19-21, 23-30, 33-35, 37, 38; plate 10a, figs. 1-40, 5-i2a, 14, 15, 17-40. — Packard, 1863, Canadian Naturalist and.Gcol., 



vol. 8. — Agassiz, A.. 1865, North .Amor. Acal., 

 p. 44, fig. 67. — Haeckei., 1880. Syst. der 

 Meduscn, p. 530. — Fkwkes, 1S81, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 8, No. 8, 

 p. 166, plate 7, figs. I, 4, 5, 8-J4. — Wagner, 

 1885, Wirbellosen des Weisscn Mccres, Bd. i, 

 p. 83, taf. 5, 6.--MacMurrich, 1891, Amcr. 

 Naturalist, vol. 25, p. 287. — Hargitt, 1902, 

 Science, scr. 2, vol. 15, p. 571. — Macallum, 

 1903, Journal of Physiology, Cambridge, Eng- 

 land, vol. 29, pp. 213-241.— HvDE, 1S94, Zcit. 

 furwisscn. Zool., Bd. 58, p. 5^? t^f. 34, fign. 

 54-62; taf. 35, fign. 63-79; taf. 36, fign. 94-96. 

 — Har(;itt, 1904, Bull, U. S. Bureau of Fisher- 

 ies, vol. 24, p. 68. — Maas, 1904, Result. Camp. 

 Sci. Prince dc Monaco, fasc. 28, p. 56. — Van- 

 HoFFEN, 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 11, p. 

 53, fign. 16-19; C. capillatay p. 52, fig. n;; C. 

 lamarrki, pp. 53, 64, fign. 35-37. — Hargitt, 

 1905, Journal Experimental Zool., vol. 2, p. 

 574 (variations). 

 Cyanea lamarckHy P^ron et Lesueur, 1809, Ann. 



Musi'c Hist. Nat., Paris, tome 14, p. 363. 

 Cyanea postehiiy Goui.d, A. A,, 1841, (non Brandt) 

 Report Invert. Massachusetts, p. 347.~Stimp- 

 SON, 1853, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, p. 1 1. 



Cyanea , M'Kfndrick, J. G., 18S1, Journal 



Anat. and Physiol., vol. 15, p. 261 (coloring 

 matter). 

 Cyanea lamarcki, Deijkp, 1905, Annual Report Fish- 

 eries of Ireland 1902-03, part 2, Appendix i 

 (reared from the egg in an aquarium). 

 Cyanea lamarckiij Hafckki., 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 530 (literature). — Jot'iUN, 1906, Bull. Musee Oceanograph., Monaco, 



No. 66, p. 27, fig. 28 (after Delap).~VANHoFFEN, 1908, Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition, Zool. 2, Bd. 10, p. 39. 

 Cyanea lamarckii=C. capillata, M. Intosii, 1885, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 15, p. 148. 

 For literature of C. julva and C. versicola sec the detailed account of these varieties. 

 Cyanea ferru^inea, Eschscholtz, 1829, Syst. der Acalephen, p. 70, taf. 5, fig. 1. 



Cyaneopsii behringiana, Brandt, 1838, Mt'm. Acad. St. Petersbourg, Sci. Nat., s<*r. 6, tome 4, p. 379, taf. II, fig. I. 

 Cyanea ferrtigineoy Haeckei,, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 53I.~Maas, 1903, Scyphomedusen der Sibof^a Exped., Monog. 11, 

 p. 28. — Vanhoffen, 1906, Nordi&chcs Plankton, Nr. 11, p. 55, fig. 20. 



Fig. 380. — Cyanea capillatay after Vanhoffen, in Nordisches Plankton. 



