SEMAEOSTOME^ — AURELLIA. 623 



These cysts or statoblasts are formed during resting periods in about 15 da\s and are incased 

 in a chitinous envelope. After one of these statohhists is ft)rmcd the scvphostonia moves a short 

 distance and leaves it behind. The chitinous enveh)pe ma} then hurst and the cyst deveh^ps into 

 a polyp with tentacles. When fed upon ovary of the sea-urchin this scyphostoma strohilated. 



The early development of the planula and scyphostoma has been elaborately studied by 

 Goette, Claus, Hyde, Snuth, Friedniann, and others and the results of these researches will be 

 reviewed under Aurellia aiirita. 



Friedmann, 1902, finds that in the scyphostoma the tentacles develop in the order of 

 4, 8, 16, 24; and that the 12 and 20-tentacle conditions are intermediate phases. 



Aurellia aurita Lamarck. 



Plate 67, fig. 4; plate 68, figs, i to 4. 



Medusa aurita, LiNNt, 1746, Fauna suecica, No. 1287; 1747, Westgota Resa, tab. 3, fig. 2; 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, tomus i 

 p. 66o.^Gmelin, 1788, Linnc's Syst. Naturx, tomus i, pars 6, p. 3153. 



Medusa, sp., Borlase, 1758, Nat. Hist, of Cornwall, p. 257, plate 25, figs, ix and x, 



Aurelia aurita, Lamarck, 1816, Hist. Anim. sans. Vert., tome 2, p. 513. — Ehrenberg, 1834, Abhandl. Kgl. Akad. Wissen., 

 Berlin, p. 99 (variations).— Delle Chiaje, 1841, Animali senza Vert., tome 7, Napoli, tav. 144, fig. i; tav. 145, fig. 2. — 

 ■ Romanes, G. J., 1875, Nature, vol. 2, p. 29; 1876, Journal Linncan Soc. London, Zool., vol. 12, p. 528; vol. 13, p. 190, 

 plates 15, 16 (variations); 1885, Jellyfish, Star-fish and Sea-urchins, etc., International Scientific Series, vol. 49 (physiology 

 of pulsation). — Haeckel, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p. 552 (important list of literature). — Mobius, 1880, Zool. Anzeiger, 

 Jahrg. 3, p. 67 (medusa killed by freezing). — Krlkenberg, 1880, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 3, p. 306 (water content of body). — 

 Haeckel, 1 88 1, Metagenesis und Hypogenesis von Aurelia aurita, Jena, 36 pp., 2 taf; Kosmos,Bd. 5, p. 29.— M'K end rick, 

 1 88 1, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., vol, 15, p. 261 (coloring matter). — Mobius, 1S82, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg 5, p. 586. {Aurellia 

 from Kiel contains 97.92 per cent of water.) — Claus, 18S3, Untersuch. iiber Organization und Entwicklung Medusen, 

 Prag. Leipzig, pp. 1-23, taf. i, fign. 1-20 (development).— Graeffe, 1884, Arbeit Zool. Inst. Wien, Bd. 5, p. 343.^ — Gotte, 

 i88<;, Zool. Anzeiger, Jahrg. 8, p. 554 (development); 1887, Abhandl. Entwickclungsgeschichte der Thiere,Heft 4, Leipzig, 

 (development). — Marshall, 1888, Quart. Journal Microscop. Sci., vol. 28, p. 84, (striped muscles).^ — Schewiakoff, 1889, 

 Morphol., Jahrb., Bd. I <;, H, 1 (structure of sense-club).^ — Minchin, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 583, 2 plates (brood- 

 pouches of the oral arms). — Claus, 1890, Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wien, Bd. 9, p. 85 (development). — Gotte, 1891, Claus und 

 die Entwicklung der Scyphomedusen, Leipzig. 64 pp., 24 fign. (controversy over the manner of development). — Claus, 

 1892, Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wien., Bd. 10, p. 20 (development of the scyphostoma). — Uuncker, 1895, Archiv. fur Naturgesch., 

 Jahrg. 60, p. 7, plate i (variations). — Browne, 1894, Nature, vol. 50, p. 524 (variations). — Sorby, 1894, Nature, vol. 50, 

 p. 476 (variations).— Herdman, 1894, Nature, vol. 50, p. 426 (variations). — Browne, 1895, Quart. Journal Microscop. 

 Sci., vol. 37, p. 24<J, plate 25, figs. 1-7; 1901, Journal of Biometrica, vol. I, p. 90, 3 diagrams (comparative variability of 

 ephyrEe and of adult medusae). — Haacke, 1897, Zool. Garten, Jahrg. 37, p. 357. — Ballowitz, 1899, Archiv. Entwickelungs- 

 mech., Bd. 8, p. 239, taf. 5 (variations). — Hein, 1900, Zeit.fiir wissen.Zool., Bd. 67, p. 401, <; text-figs., taf. 24, 25 (develop- 

 ment).— Gotte, 1900, Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. 23, p. 559 (development). — Friedmann, 1902, Zeit. fur wissen. Zool., Bd. 71, 

 p. 227, taf. 12, 13 (development of tentacles in scyphostoma). — Hein, 1902, Zool. Anzeiger., Bd. 25, p. 637 (development). — 

 Vanhoffen, 1902, Wissen. Ergeb. dcutsch. Tiefsee Exped., Dampfer Valdiz'ia, Bd. 3, Lfg. i, pp. 43, 44 (world-wide dis- 

 tribution of A. aurita)', 1906, Nordisches Plankton, Nr. 1 1, p. 60, fign. 27-31. — Delap, 1906, Fisheries Ireland, Sci. Invert., 

 1905, No. 7, p. 22, I plate (development). — Goodev, 1909, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part i, p. 78, plate 24.^ — Hanstein, 

 1907, Naturgesch. des Tierreichs., p. 332, fig. 446. 



Aurelia ccerulea, von Lendenfeld, 1884, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 280. 



Aurelia colpota, Gotte, 1886, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissen. Berlin, Jahrg. 1886, p. S36. 



Aurelia aurita var. colpota, M.\as, 1903, Scyphomedusen der Siboga Expedition, Monog. 1 1, p. 26, taf. i, fig. 9. — Browne, 1905, 

 Fauna and Geog. Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, vol. 2, p. 959. 



Aurelia japonica, Kishinouye, 1891, Zool. Magazine, Tokyo, vol. 3, No. 33, p. 289, plate 7. 



Aurelia vitiatia, Agassiz, A., and Mayer, 1899, Bull. Museum Comp.Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 32, p. 171, plate 10, fig. 35; 

 1902, Memoirs, Ibid>, vol. 26, p. 159. 



Aurelia duhiay Vanhoffen, 1888, Bibliotheca Zoologica, Bd. i, Heft. 3, pp. 20, 24. 



Aurelia ccerulea, von Lendenfeld, 1884, Proc. Linncan Soc. New South Wales, vol. 9, p. 280. 



Aurelia cruciata, Haeckel, 1880, loc.cit., p. 644. 



Aurellia aurita from America. 

 Plate 67, fig. 4; plate 68, figs, i to 4. 



Medusa aurita, Fabricius, 1780, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 363, Nr. 356, 



Aurellia favidula, Peron et Lesueur, 1809, Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, tome 14, p. 359, No. 92. 



Aurelia favidula, Lesson, 1843, Hist. Zooph. Acal., p. 376.— Agassiz, L., 1860-62, Cont. Nat. Hist.U. S., vol.4, PP- 'o> 12, 51, 

 160J vol. 3, plates 6-9, i\a, 126; plate 10, figs. 18, 22, 31, 32, 36; plate \oa, figs, ^h, 13, 15^2, 16-41; plate lie, figs. 1-13 

 (development).— Packard, 1863, Canadian Nat. and Geol., vol. 8.— Agassiz, A., 1865, North Amer. Acal., p. 42, figs. 65, 

 66.— Haeckel, 1880, Syst. der Medusen, p.555.— Fewkes, 1881, Bull. Mus. Comp.Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 8, p. 172, 

 plate 7, figs. 2-4, 6; 1884, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 10, No. 3, plate 8. — Smith, 1891, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp.Zool. at Harvard College, vol.22, p. 115, plates i, 2, figs. 1-12 (development).— Hyde, 1894, Zeit. fiir wissen. Zool,, 

 Bd. 58, p. 535, taf. 24, figs. 36-53 (development). — Verrill, 1873, Report U.S. Commiss. Fish and Fisheries for 1871-72, 

 p. 723. — Macallum, 1903, Journal of Physiology, Cambridge, England, vol. 29, pp. 213-241 (inorganic composition). — 

 Hargitt, 1904, Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 24, p. 67 (scyphostoma? with stolons).— 1905, Journal Exper, Zool., 

 vol. 2, p. 548, figs, and plate (variations). 



Medusa aurita, Eschscholtz, 1829, Syst. der Acal., p. 61. 



Aurelia favidula, A. aurita, Ephyra octolohata, Gould, 1841, Report Invert. Massachusetts, p. 348. 



Aurelia sex-ovalis, Morch, 1857, Beskriv. af Grdnland, p. 95. 



Aurelia aurita, Morch, 1857, Beskriv. af Gronland, p. 95. — Stimpson, 1853, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, p. 11. 



Aurelia habanerisis, Mayer, 1900, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard College, vol. 37, p. 69, plate 24, figs. 73, 74; plate 26, 

 fig. 86 (Cuba to Tortugas). 



