344 GILMAN A. DREW 
which in turn ejects them (from his description I take it they are 
not stored up in this pocket as in the receptacle on the buccal mem- 
brane of a squid) into the pallial cavity where they are supposed 
to meet the eggs as they are laid. 
The most complete account of copulation that I have seen 
for any cephalopod was given by Racovitza in 1894 (b) for Octopus 
vulgaris. He observed copulation in an aquarium and gives a 
figure showing the positions of the animals. The copulation differs 
markedly from that of Loligo, as might be expected, for Octopus 
has a hectocotylized arm that is much more differentiated than 
that of Loligo. The animals were some distance apart in the aqua- 
rium. The male reached over with the hectocotylized arm, which 
for this species is the third on the right side and, after caressing 
the female with its tip, introduced its end into her mantle chamber 
by the side of the funnel. Here it remained for something more 
than an hour. During this time the female remained quiet, ex- 
cept for certain spasmodic movements, while the male showed 
only slight movements of the hectocotylized arm which were sup- 
posed to be associated with the movements of spermatophores 
down the longitudinal groove of this arm. Although it was not 
possible actually to see the spermatophores in transit, examina- 
tion of the female after copulation showed numbers of the sperm 
reservoirs, derived from the ejaculated spermatophores, within 
the oviducts. 
Evidently there are at least three methods of copulation prac- 
ticed by cephalopods. A method of caducous hectocotylism in 
which the charged hectocoty] is liberated in the mantle chamber 
of the female; a method in which the arm does not liberate any 
special portion but is so modified that it can transfer spermato- 
phores by a mechanism within itself to the region of the oviduct 
of the female; and finally a slight modification of the arm that 
simply enables it to grasp the spermatophores which are then trans- 
ferred directly to the female by moving the arm. Where the lat- 
ter method is employed there may be two kinds of copulation, as 
in Loligo peali. 
Racovitza, (1894, c) in commenting on the copulation of Rossia 
believes that, although special receptacles are found outside the 
