604 VICTOR E. SHELFORD 
b. Climatic or geographic animal formations of the world based 
upon physiological similarity and ecological equivalence under sim- 
ilar conditions.|. The distribution of the similar environments is 
given by Schimper (’03) and Transeau (’03, ’05) and in fig. 19. 
Only the environments and distribution of the formations is 
given here; much concerning the mores of the different format ons 
may be obtained from the existing literature but we do not have 
it well enough organized to present here. 
1 Formations of forests with broad, thin leaves. 
a Tropical rain-forest formations (fig. 19, 1a). 
Environment: Dense forest with broad thin leaves, two or three heights 
of trees, uniformly distributed rainfall and nearly uniform temperature. 
Distribution: Large areas Mexico and Central America (Belt, ’88),” 
and South America (Bates, and [Clodd, ’93]), southern Asia and East 
Indies (Wallace, ’94), and several small areas in Africa (Garner, ’01). 
b  Monsoon-forest formations. 
Environment: Similar to the rain-forest but with a dry season in which 
the leaves fall. 
Distribution: Adjoins areas of rain-forest. 
e Temperate rain-forest formations (fig. 19, Ic). 
Environment: Similar to the tropical rain-forest, but much less luxuriant 
and in different climatic conditions. 
Distribution: East coast of northern Mexico, southern U. S8., western 
Chile, southern Japan (Kobelt, ’02), New Zealand. 
d Temperate deciduous forest formations (fig. 19, 1d). 
Environment: Similar to the temperate rain-forest, but much less dense 
and deciduous. 
Distribution: Eastern North America, north to the Great Lakes; Chile, 
north to 35° (Darwin, ’45, p. 242); Europe, north of the Alps (Mosley 
and Brown, ’63, p.) and south of 60° (Kobelt, ’02; Brehm, ’06); Japan 
and vicinity of Okhotsk. 
2 Formations of forests with narrow, thick leaves (coniferous forest formations; 
further study will probably subdivide these) (fig. 19, 2). 
Environment: dense evergreen forests with little undergrowth. 
Distribution: North America, north of the Great Lakes and Columbia 
River extending southward in the mountains (Seton, ’09) ; Eurasia, north 
of 60° and southward in the high mountains (Brehm, ’96). 
This outline is essentially that arranged for a committee of the Geographic 
Society of Chicago on the Classification of Geographic Materials, and is parallel 
to one for plants by Dr. H. C. Cowles and to one for Human Geography by 
Dr. J. P. Goode and Miss J. B. Obenchain. 
22 Some characteristic literature on the natural history of the various formations 
is cited where possible. See Thomson’s introduction to Brehm (’96). 
