PHYSIOLOGICAL ANIMAL GEOGRAPHY 609 
gravity of the urineof the California coyote. The fact that many 
mammals do not drink for long periods in the steppe and desert 
regions is well known. Livingstone (’58) noted it in the Kalahari 
Desert, Roosevelt (09) in east Africa, and Craig (’08) in the case 
of the prairie dogs and birds of Dakota. (Verworn, ’99 p. 280.) 
B. METHODS 
The methods of physiological animal geography have been 
indicated from time to time throughout the paper. The method 
may be characterized as combined experimentation and field 
observation, each conducted with reference to the other, and both 
conducted with reference to animal formations. <A typical study 
with reference to the steppe would consist of (a) a field study of 
a number of carefully chosen steppe species, accompanied by 
experimental study of their behavior and of their physiology; 
(b) a comparison with a similar study in a steppe in another part 
of the world; (c) a study of steppe species ranging outside the 
steppe with a view to ascertaining variation in behavior or be- 
havior differences, etc.; (d) a comparative study of steppes and 
other formations. 
C. RELATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANIMAL GEOGRAPHY TO OTHER 
SUBJECTS 
The problems of physiological animal geography le close to 
those of human geography, sociology and psychology, and offer 
a field of observation which may be accompanied by experimenta- 
tion. 
1. Human geography. Its relation to human geography is 
especially intimate. Indeed, geographers have been disappointed 
with the data which zoology has furnished them. It is almost 
exclusively data concerning the taxonomy and morphology of 
animals. The parallelism between the geographic phenomena in 
animals and the relation of culture to environment lies not in the 
color and structural adaptations of animals, but in their behavior 
