THE SENSE OF SMELL IN BIRDS 621 
The presence of normal olfactory apparatus in birds has been 
recognized by a number of writers. In Apteryx, according to 
Parker (91) and Owen (’71), the olfactory organs are relatively 
large for a bird. In other groups of birds the olfactory apparatus 
is generally recognized as small when compared with mammals, 
but varying in size. Thus Searpa (’89), Schultze (62), and others 
speak of well developed organs in the swimming birds, in the 
wading birds, and in the birds of prey. Bumm {’83), recognizes 
a relatively large olfactory apparatus in the swimming birds, but 
not in the birds of prey studied by him. The gallinaceous birds 
and the singing birds are described as having very much reduced 
olfactory organs. 
B. Peripheral olfactory apparatus 
1. The nasal chambers. The nasal chambers of birds have 
been studied from various standpoints by a number of writers, 
including the following especially: 
Beeker (03) Common fowl (Gallus) ogeranus, Psittacus, Picus, Capri- 
and duck (Anas) mulgus, Podargus, Sturnus, Corvus, 
Born (’79) Chick (Gallus) and other forms 
Cohn (’02) Chick Giebel (76) Seventeen species of 
Dieulafé (04 and 705) Paroquet, birds 
duck, turkey, dove, and vulture Mihalkovies (98) Gallus 
Exner (72) Fowl, duck, dove, and Owen (72) Apteryx 
some finches Parker (91) Apteryx 
Ganin (90) Eighteen genera of birds Schultze (62) Falco, Strix, Gallus, 
Gegenbaur (773) Columba, Gallus, Columba, Anas and other birds 
Meleagris, Anser, Buteo, Strix, Gyp- 
In general, two or three turbinals or conchae are recognized as 
occurring in the nasa] chambers of birds. According to Gegen- 
baur the so-called superior or posterior concha is better named a 
‘Riech-hiigel,’ as, in the material he studied, it was found by him 
to be only an elevation or projection which did not possess the 
characteristic rolling of a true turbinal. Beeker (03) supported 
him in this position. In some species Gegenbaur found even a 
‘Riech-hiigel’ lacking. The other turbinals are regularly desig- 
nated as median or middle and inferior or anterior. 
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, VOL. 22, NO. 3 
