622 R. M. STRONG 
The turbinals of Apteryx are described by Parker (91) as 
having an ‘extreme complexity’ (p. 49). In addition to the three 
turbinals already mentioned, he found ‘anterior and ventral 
accessory turbinals.’ 
The absence of a posterior concha in the smaller species of birds 
was noted by Schultze ('62) and also by Giebel (76). The latter 
considered this structure also lacking in Corvus and Garrulus. 
He found three turbinals in Lanius excubitor, however. 
Jacobson’s organ occurs in rudimentary or vestigial form accord- 
ing to Mihaleovies (98), Ganin (’90), and Cohn (’02), in the em- 
bryo bird. It is lost during embryonic life, though the median 
portions of the ducts of the nasal glands are regarded as modi- 
fied Jacobson’s organs by Ganin and Muihaleovics. 
2. The olfactory epithelium. In Apteryx, according to Parker, 
all of the turbinals, except the so-called ventral accessory, are 
covered with ‘Schneiderian membrane’ (p. 51). Owen, using a 
different terminology for the turbinals of Apteryx, also described 
an extensive distribution of olfactory nerve fibers in this bird 
both on all of the turbinals, excepting the ‘anterior,’ and on the 
septum narium. 
In other birds studied, a much more limited distribution of the 
olfactory epithelium has been found. In the common fowl, 
according to Mihalcovies, the olfactory epithelium is limited to 
the posterior turbinal and to the adjacent wall of the nasal cavity 
up to the roof. <A similar location was noted by Dieulafé (’04, 
p. 439). Preobraschensky (’92) found the olfactory epithelium 
limited to the posterior turbinal only, in the chick. 
According to Schultze, the surface of the posterior turbinal may 
not always be entirely covered by olfactory nerve terminations. 
Doves were found to have the lower border free from olfactory 
epithelium. Gegenbaur believed that Schultze had the middle 
turbinal in mind, and the former writer says that doves do not 
have a posterior turbinal. Schultze states that in those singing 
birds which lack a posterior turbinal a very small part of the struc- 
ture which corresponds to the middle turbinal receives olfactory 
nerve fibers. He also found the septum narium receiving olfac- 
tory nerve fibers, at least in those birds which have a posterior 
