THE SENSE OF SMELL IN BIRDS 625 
2. Olfactory fiber tracts. Very little is known about the central 
relationships of the olfactory organs in birds. References are 
made to olfactory fiber tracts by Stieda (’69), Bumm (’83) Elliot- 
Smith (’95), Miinzer und Wiener (’98), and Kappers und Theunis- 
sen (’08). 
Edinger (’03) states that a basal bundle (tractus bulbo corticalis), 
consisting of a few fibers, passes into the brain base and is lost 
after a short course. Amputation of the olfactory lobes leads to 
degeneration of medullated fibers in the lobes only. According to 
the accounts of Edinger and Kappers, only a small number of 
olfactory fibers of the second order have been seen and these have 
not been satisfactorily traced. In the work of Kappers and 
Theunissen it is stated that olfactory fibers of the third order 
which connect the olfactory lobes with caudal non-cortical por- 
tions are more numerous. An olfactory cortex or hippocampus 
has not been demonstrated clearly. 
D. Observations of behavior 
A large number of miscellaneous field observations have been 
reported. As an illustration, an article by Rhoads may be cited. 
This observer states that while digging sweet potatoes in New 
Jersey, he noticed a luxurious growth of vines over a small mound 
in the field, and the potatoes dug at this place were unusually 
large. On inquiry, he found that a horse and a cow had been 
buried there during the previous winter. In the afternoon and 
during the following day, vultures came ‘in scores’, swooping to 
the ground about the mound. ‘These birds continued to come 
‘for long after,’ though not so numerous as at the time when the 
crop was plowed out. Rhoads could detect no ‘taint’ in theatmos- 
phere, yet hundreds of vultures assembled ‘from far and near.’ 
He concluded that these birds were attracted by an olfactory 
stimulus. 
According to Reeker (’99), a number of birds which were 
observed feeding on table scraps in a back yard declined to eat 
a potato which had been bitten by a cat. The author concluded 
that the potato was neglected because of an odor left by the cat. 
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, VOL. 22, NO. 3 
