644 ; R. M. STRONG 
able to the writer that a more complete illustration be published 
as has been done in fig. 5. The turns of the posterior turbinal 
may be seen at (d) where openings have been made in the prepa- 
ration. The extensive rolling of this turbinal and the large 
size of the olfactory lobes in this species seem very significant, and 
the writer regrets that he has not had time to study the sense of 
smell in the living fulmar. 
As the fulmar is one of a group of birds which are characteris- 
tically seagoing animals and which are in the habit of taking long 
trips over the sea, it is natural to suspect that these large olfac- 
tory lobes might be used as orientation organs if not serving for 
the sense of smell, (Cyon, ’08). With this idea in view, the 
writer wrote to Prof. John B. Watson, of Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity during the early summer of 1910, while Professor Watson was 
conducting studies of orientation in the noddy and sooty terns 
at the Dry Tortugas Islands. Dr. Watson had discovered that 
these birds are able to find their way home over a presumably 
unknown area of the sea when taken from their nests for a distance 
of at least 850 miles, (Watson ’08). Material of both the noddy 
and sooty terns was kindly furnished by Professor Watson. The 
olfactory lobes and nerves were both found to be relatively small 
even when compared with those of birds with olfactory organs of 
moderate size. The diameter of the olfactory nerves is given in 
table 1. In this connection it is interesting to note that Profes- 
sor Watson (710) conducted experiments in which individuals of 
both species had their external nares closed with wax, but the 
ability of the birds to find their way at sea was apparently not 
disturbed. 
Although the crows and ravens have often been credited with a 
keen sense of smell, the olfactory lobes and nerves of the speci- 
mens examined were found to be surprisingly minute (fig. 17). 
In all of the Corvidae material studied, this condition prevailed. 
These structures were found with some difficulty lying deep in 
the interorbital space. As the Corvidae have been considered 
by some writers as standing at the top of the bird series, it is 
unusually interesting that the olfactory organs are smallest in 
this group. The minuteness of the olfactory lobes and nerves 
