652 R. M. STRONG 
ently by hit or miss probing with the bill. There was no evidence 
of the acute sense of smell described by Benham (’06), though, 
of course, its existence was not disproved. The danger of serious 
effects upon the kangaroos from the disturbance produced by 
these experiments was so great that no further attempts were 
made by the writer. 
It seems highly desirable that opportunities should be furnished 
at our great zoological gardens for thorough-going studies of be- 
havior, which need not cause any injury to the animals. Little 
can be accomplished, as a rule, under the conditions which pre- 
vail. A few animals might be withdrawn from exhibition fora 
period of some weeks or months without any serious loss to the 
public and with much gain to science. The zoological gardens 
are in a position to acquire and maintain animals, which makes 
them the logical places for the study of species that are rare or 
difficult to keep in captivity. 
An uncorked bottle of oil of bergamot was held within a few 
inches of the nostrils of two emeus, but no results were obtained. 
8. CONCLUSIONS 
The author agrees with Edinger (’08a), that a sense of smell 
should be expected to occur in birds. Thus on page 440, Edinger 
Says: 
That part of the brain which in man and other animals is undoubtedly 
concerned with the sense of smell exhibits a constant arrangement and 
microscopic structure, not only in them but in all vertebrates down to 
the cyclostomes. We are therefore justified in the conclusion that an 
animal which possesses this part smells even though from its behavior 
nothing may be safely inferred. Indeed we may judge of the importance 
of the sense of smell to the animal according as this organ is large or 
small in relation to the remainder of the brain. 
Unfortunately very little is known concerning the sense of smell 
in the vertebrates outside of mammals, but it is highly significant 
in this connection, that the olfactory organs of fishes have been 
demonstrated to function for a sense of smell, by Parker (10), 
and Sheldon (’11). 
