946 WILLIAM A. LOCY 
The pursuit of science from the historical standpoint has 
appealed only to a limited number, and there is needed at present 
a sympathetic recognition by scientific men, in general, that this 
affords a worthy field of research. This conception is being pro- 
moted by the relatively new movement in European universi- 
ties, that has resulted in the appointment of professors of the 
history of medicine and natural science, to the establishment 
of periodicals devoted to researches in the same field and to the 
- foundation in Leipzig of an Institut fiir Geschichte der Medizin. 
All this, and the growing disposition to provide a historical 
background for courses in biological study, is a sign that there is 
to be a widening of the field of biological research. It is to be 
hoped that the time is near when this line of study will be a recog- 
nized division of biological research, running parallel with other 
forms of biological investigation, and pursued as a research sub- 
ject by examination of the original sources. 
The attempts at pictorial representations of anatomy began 
before the invention of printing, as is shown in the pen, crayon 
and chalk drawings of anatomical subjects found in the medical 
manuscripts stored in the libraries at Berlin, Paris, Oxford, 
Munich and other places. <A rich series of these manuscript 
anatomical sketches has been brought to light by Karl Sudhoff 
and his collaborators, and reproduced by photographic methods 
in the Studien zur Geschichte der Medizin and in the Archiv 
fiir Geschichte der Medizin. These resurrected manuscript 
sketches have thrown a flood of light on the sources of early ana- 
tomical illustrations. A genetic connection has been established 
between some of them and the earliest printed anatomical figures. 
The question arises in connection with the early printed illus- 
trations: Are these sketches crude representations of actual 
dissections, or are they based upon earlier traditional diagrams? 
They are in reality mixed as to the source. Many of the earliest 
printed anatomical figures that were thought to be original are 
traceable to manuscript sketches that were based upon reading 
of the anatomical descriptions of the Arabian and of the classical 
authors. Other printed illustrations based partly on observa- 
tion show departures from the traditional schemes. ‘There is, 
