948 WILLIAM A. LOCY 
that will be noted below. The subject of manuscript illustra- 
tions is not attempted, since very few of these have been avail- 
able, and the references to manuscript sketches are drawn chiefly 
from the publications of Sudhoff. 
In reviewing the old anatomical treatises, points of biblio- 
graphical interest emerge, and comparison of the texts brings out 
some features of interest to scholars. No attempt has been made 
however to embrace bibliographical notes and textual compari- 
son. The boundaries of the paper are limited to a consideration 
of the character and quality of the earliest illustrations of anatomy 
with the further aim to determine to what extent these are based 
on observation, and to add some comments on the conditions or 
the time as they affected the development of observation in 
science. The pictures are not comprehensive enough in their 
range to show all the anatomy of the period, but they are signifi- 
cant in showing the spirit of the time, the dependence on descrip- 
tions and the lack of a positive anatomy based on observation. 
Sources. The printed books published before 1548, that con- 
tain anatomical figures are medical treatises, anatomical texts 
and surgeries. I have had for examination, chiefly in the Surgeon 
General’s Library at Washington and the John Crearer Library 
at Chicago, the primary sources named below. The books are 
designated by date and abbreviated title only, since the full titles 
are often long and cumbersome. 
I have examined thirteen copies of the anatomical treatise of 
Mundinus, Anatome omnium humani corporis interlorum mem- 
brorum. Of these, seven were published separately and six were 
incorporated with other writings in the Fasciculus Medicine of 
Ketham. The collection embraced: two copies of the Melerstat 
edition of Mundinus, published in Leipzig about 1495, 39 leaves, 
4°, with one illustration; and one copy each of the editions of G. 
Lincium, Venice, 1494, 22 leaves, no illustrations; F. Picium, 
Freiburg, 1507, 23 leaves, no illustrations; J. Adelphus, Strass- 
burg, 15138, 40 leaves, figure of the zodiacal signs as related to 
regions of the body and a rough sketch of the heart; the large 
annotated edition of Berengarius, Bologna, 1521, 528 leaves 
(1056 pages), 21 woodcuts and the extensively illustrated edition 
