958 WILLIAM A. LOCY 
Hela, but instead found that of Richard Helain. The plate 
should probably be attributed to him. ‘This picture formed the 
basis for a modification by the publisher Griininger in 1496-97 
(fig. 4) which was printed in Brunschwig’s Chirurgie, in 1497, 
and in various other texts. The picture (fig. 4)is however taken 
from Phryesen’s Spiegel der Artzney, 1519. 
The earlier manuscripts show a considerable number of sketches 
of skeletons, some of which resemble the drawing of Helain. 
(See Sudhoff, Studien zur Geschichte der Medizin, Hft. 4.) 
Petrus @Abano. In the Coneiliator differentiarum philoso- 
phorum of Petrus d’Abano there appeared in 1496 the first printed 
illustration of the abdominal muscles. This is shown, consider- 
ably reduced, in fig. 5, which is taken from a reproduction of the 
woodeut by Sudhoff in its original dimensions (52 x 6% inches). 
I have had for examination the 1526 edition of the Conciliator in 
which the same figure occurs, slightly modified and reduced in 
size. In that edition, in the 199th differentia, on page 231, is 
a description of the eight abdominal muscles. The picture is 
evidently made with the help of a dissection. There were earlier 
editions of the Coneiliator in 1472, 1476, 1483 and 1491, but there 
is no picture in any of these; the first illustrations occur in the 
third Venetian edition of 1496. There is also a manuscript 
edition of the Conciliator near the beginning of the 14th century 
that speaks of eight abdominal muscles from Greek and Arabian 
sources. 
Sudhoff, in pointing out that the figure of 1496 was based on 
a dissection, locates that dissection in Bologna. He found a 
copy of Mundinus with a marginal pen drawing of these muscles 
by a student, dated Bologna, 1494. 
Brunschwig. In the interval between 1496 and the appearance 
of Peyligk’s illustrated treatise came the publication of Brun- 
schwig’s Chirurgie in 1497. A few pages of this is devoted to 
anatomy, and in it we find a picture of the Griininger skeleton 
(fig. 4), which was a modification of the Helain skeleton of 1493, 
and also a picture of the wounded man showing visceral anatomy. 
This picture is one of the series showing the dey elopment of illus- 
