ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATION 961 
trations of internal anatomy. It is reproduced by Sudhoff in 
the Archiv fiir Geschichte der Medizin, Bd. 1. 
Peyligk. In 1499 was published the Philosophie Naturalis 
of Johannes Peyligk which contains ten figures of separate organs 
of the body besides one large figure showing internal anatomy of 
head, thorax and abdomen. Peyligk’s book is the compilation 
of a jurist of Leipzig. It is a fine folio of 96 leaves, 83 x 112 inches, 
with the letterpress 42 x 8 inches. The last twelve pages are 
embraced under the title Compendiosa capitis physici declara- 
tio principalium humani corporis, etc., and it is this part alone that 
contains the anatomical illustrations. The frontispiece, which is 
printed on the reverse of the last page of the Philosophie Natur- 
alis, is shown reduced in fig. 6, the original being 33 x 72 inches. 
In this figure we see the three cavities (venters) of the body 
indicated; the upper (supremis), containing the animal mem- 
bers; the middle (medius), containing spiritual members and the 
lower (inferioris), containing the natural members. The head 
shows only the ventricles of the brain as conceived of at that time. 
The thoracic cavity has a diagram of the lungs, the heart, the 
trachea and the cesophagus. Below the diaphragm, which is 
indicated as an oblique line passing across the trunk, there is 
represented the stomach, the spleen, the intestines and the liver 
with two blood-vessels. The liver is represented with five lobes 
according to Galenie tradition, and the gall-bladder is shown as 
a pear-shaped vesicle on the liver. In addition to this large dia- 
eram of the organs in situ, the text is embellished with sketches 
of the separate organs. Fig. 7 shows a picture of the page con- 
taining the figure of the stomach, oesophagus and intestines. 
Fig. 8 shows the separate illustration of the heart; the manuscript 
notes in this copy are also to be seen. All these figures, mani- 
festly, are diagrams and not sketches from nature. Since they 
are the earliest printed illustrations of separate organs, it 1s an 
interesting matter to locate their source. Are they purely fan- 
ciful sketches based on descriptions of earlier writers? 
The source of Peyligk’s figures remained for a long time undeter- 
mined, and the assumption was generally made that they were 
schematic mental pictures, derived from reading the anatomical 
