226 GEO. H. BISHOP 
the organs of the queen. From the first experiments (juxta- 
position of queen and drone) it became more and more evident 
that extrusion of the drone’s organ caused by artificial means 
did not necessarily, nor generally, duplicate the natural act of 
copulation, even when it seemed to do so. For the second 
(injection) experiments, it became necessary to know both what 
the character and functions of the components of the male 
spermatic fluid were and what disposal was made of them during 
and after the normal act of copulation. Finally, copulation in 
the bee has been witnessed so rarely and can be observed directly 
with such difficulty that a study of the structure and functioning 
of the reproductive organs is the most hopeful avenue of approach 
to the problem of fertilization in the honey-bee. Thus, while 
the anatomy of these organs has been worked over repeatedly, 
the physiological and functional aspect of fertilization in the 
bee has received inadequate attention. 
To. obtain the further data, regarding the functioning of the 
drone’s organs, which seem a prerequisite to success in artificial 
matings, and to investigate the physiology and the mechanics 
of fertilization in the bee, work has been conducted along the 
following lines: 
Histological and anatomical study of the drone organs and 
their respective secretions, by means of dissections, paraffin 
sections, and stained whole mounts and hemisections, mounted 
in balsam. 
Manipulation of drones to cause extrusion of the penis, with 
ejaculation of the spermatic fluid; in the attempt to produce 
artificially a complete physiological duplication of the results 
of normal copulation. 
The histological work was commenced in 1915 under Prof. 
Trevor Kincaid at the University of the State of Washington; 
after several years of independent and unsystematic attempts 
to induce controlled copulation between queens and drones by 
mechanical stimuli and technique. It was continued during the 
next two years in the zoological laboratories of the University 
of Wisconsin. Doctor Marshall of that laboratory has given 
particularly valuable help, not only by way of advice, but by 
assisting in those operations that required the attention of more 
