370 WILLIAM L. DOLLEY, JR. 



ing the animals make permanent records of their own behavior 

 is most valuable, for the records can be kept indefinitely and 

 studied, thus giving opportunity to recognize many significant 

 features which othermse might have been overlooked at the time 

 the experiments were performed. It would be of value, no doubt, 

 to the keenest observer. 



BEHAVIOR OF NORMAL SPECIMENS 



In the study of normal animals in the cage referred to above, 

 Parker's observations were confirmed. It was found that the 

 insects were highly positive in their reactions to light. During 

 the day, in the absence of direct sunhght, they were usually in 

 active movement, flying against the window. Occasionally an 

 animal would fly around the cage, but this was exceptional. 

 When at rest the butterflies were usually grouped on the window 

 side of the cage, where they assumed various positions on the 

 bottom of the window sash, some facing the fight, others in a 

 horizontal position at right angles with the rays, some hanging 

 on the sash in a vertical position with their heads up, and others 

 hanging with their heads down. 



When the sun was so situated that the butterflies were exposed 

 directly to its rays, and they were undisturbed, they usually 

 ceased their active movements and oriented very definitely. 

 They turned so as to face directly away from the sun and spread 

 their wings to their fullest extent, exhibiting behavior similar 

 to that described by Parker. This position was retained indefi- 

 nitely unless the insects were disturbed. 



In a beam of light in the dark room the responses were quite 

 different. In making observations under these conditions the 

 animals were placed in the beam at various distances from the 

 glower so that they faced the source of light. As soon as they 

 were released they usually darted directly toward the glower and 

 continued until they reached the edge of the table. The insects 

 were always found to be highly positive in all intensities in which 

 they were tested. They never exhibited the slightest indication 

 of negative reactions. They never came to rest with the head 

 directed from the light and the wings spread, as they usually 

 did in direct sunlight. 



