REACTIONS TO LIGHT IN VANESSA ANTIOPA 397 



to the contact stimulus exerted by the covering of the blackened 

 eye, for in light the insects turn toward the functional eye. It 

 seems to demonstrate, moreover, that there is but little, if any, 

 permanent modification in the behavior on successive days, for 

 essentially similar reactions were observed in all of the insects 

 during the whole period over which the tests extended. 



Fig. 15 r Reproduction of trails in total darkness made by butterfly 7/11 fright 

 eye blackened) in ten successive trials forty-eight hours after the eye had been 

 covered. Compare the preceding figure with this one, and note that in the tests 

 on three successive days this butterfly usually turned continuously toward th6 

 blackened eye, showing little, if any, modification in behavior. 



The results obtained in these experiments throw light on the 

 puzzling results which Holmes and McGraw obtained in their 

 experiments with butterflies. They used a jar, the bottom and 

 sides of which were lined with white paper. This was covered 

 by a cone of the same material, and at the apex of this cone, 

 an electric light was placed. When butterflies with one eye 



