REACTIONS TO LIGHT IN VANESSA ANTIOPA 419 



tions may depend upon the localization of photic changes within 

 the eyes, and it seems to show conclusively that the tension of 

 the muscles of the legs on either side of the body is not specifi- 

 cally controlled by photo-chemical changes in either eye in 

 accord with the 'continuous action theory.' 



14. The following facts: (1) that Vanessa antiopa with but one 

 eye functional can orient, (2) that in a beam of light circus move- 

 ments become less frequent and the angle of deflection decreases 

 with experience, (3) that the degree of deflection is no greater in 

 light of high intensity, than it is in light of low intensity, (4) that 

 Vanessa can turn under certain conditions toward either side 

 when only one eye is illuminated, and (5) that these insects can, 

 in the process of orientation, turn either toward the functional 

 or the blinded eye, all, indicate that orientation in Vanessa is 

 not wholly dependent upon the relative intensity of light on the 

 two eyes. They show moreover that the path in the nervous 

 system along which the impulses travel is not permanently fixed. 

 Regarding the question as to the nature of the orienting stimulus 

 our evidence is, however, not conclusive. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Barrows, W. M. 1907 The reactions of the pomace fly, Drosophila ampehj- 



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537. 

 BoHN, G. 1911 La Nouvelle Psychologie Animale. Paris. 

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Jour. Animal Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 334-352. 

 Carpenter, F. W. 1903 Reaction of the pomace fly, Drosophila anipelophila 



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37, pp. 157-171. 



1908 Some reactions of Drosophila, with special reference to convul- 

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1905 The selection of random movements as a factor in jihototaxis. 



Ibid., vol. 15, pp. 98-112. 



1911 The evolution of animal intelligence. New York, pp. 280. 



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