334 B. F. KINGSBURY 



phological transformations in mind, even where they cannot 

 be directly analyzed, since only through an analysis of the devel- 

 opmental factors will the morphogenesis be finally compre- 

 hensible. Accordingly, it is felt that the emphasis should be fixed 

 differently from where it is ordinarily placed; not that organs 

 develop in and from such and such places; but that organs owe 

 their character to their origin. Expressed differently: that 

 the body is not an aggregate of distinct organs, but that the 

 body is a unit whose different portions are variously differentiated 

 (as organs) the character of the differentiation depending upon 

 the way the adaptation is met, determined by the past history. 



Historical 



So recently has the development of the human pharynx been 

 considered in a general article (Grosser '11 b) that a review of 

 the literature dealing with the subject is unnecessary. The 

 main framework of morphologic fact was then quite complete, 

 due to the studies of His ('80-'85), Verdun ('98), Hammar 

 ('01), Sudler ('02), Tandler ('09), Grosser ('11 a) and others; 

 and it has been added to since then (Hammar '11). Many de- 

 tails, however, remain undetermined and the interpretational 

 aspect of the development is still largely a controversial field. In 

 the last, the point of view is frequently a dominant factor, and 

 hence the following study seemed quite appropriate. Con- 

 firmation of previous work has also a distinct value, and in the 

 main my results are confirmatiory of those of Hammar and 

 Grosser. 



Nomenclature 



There exists by no means uniformity in the terminology of 

 the pharyngeal region. This perhaps is to be expected in view 

 of the great transformations that the region undergoes and the 

 differences in interpretation. Hammar ('13) has specifically 

 dealt with the question of the nomenclature of the region and his 

 suggested terms are excellent, although some of them are clearly 

 unsatisfactory, the term ductus being an example. Most of the 



