HEMAL NODES IN BOVINES AND GOATS 361 



nodes from wliich it was difficult to separate them. Their 

 general histological appearance was intermediate between that 

 of hemal and lymph nodes, after birth. 



Crescenzi also found hemal nodes imbedded in the fat of the 

 hilus and also on the surface of lymph nodes. An iliac node 

 of the size of an almond was said to contain nine independent 

 hemal nodes varjdng in size from a "grain of pepper to a hazel- 

 nut," in a deep dilatation of its hilus! Another iliac node had 

 three hemal nodes varying in size from the "head of a pin to 

 a pea," partly imbedded on its free surface. 



Carcasses containing an unusual number of hemal nodes 

 were also found. One of these carcasses contained a large 

 intra-abdominal abscess as large as a child's head, in a second 

 a splenic tumor was present, while in a third the spleen was 

 atrophic and sclerotic. Crescenzi also emphasized the fact that 

 lymph nodes may contain so much blood especially in their darker 

 portions — as was the case in the ox with a large abdominal 

 abscess "(slaughtered for the royal marine)" that they are in- 

 distinguishable from hemal nodes and concludes with the words 

 "E se tale si mette in rapporto colla quantitat veramente eccezio- 

 nale di gangli ematici riscontrati se ne puo dedure una relazione 

 funsionale." 



In July '07 Piltz also reported the occurrence of lymph nodes 

 of reddish color in the subcutaneous tissues and in part also 

 beneath the panniculus carnosus in cattle. According to Piltz 

 a portion of these nodes was described by Martin as those 

 of the 'Hungergrube.'^ Piltz also reported the finding of sub- 

 scapular and aural hemolymph nodes near the corresponding 

 lymph nodes. He also found from eight to ten nodes in the 

 subcutaneous tissues located caudal to the ligamentum axil- 

 laris near the vena thoracalis lateralis, on the dorsal border of 

 the subscapularis and under the panniculus carnosus over the 

 'Hungergrube' and on the tubera ischii, on the costal arch and on 



^ Although it is vcrj' evident what is meant by this designation and why it 

 is used 1 have been unable both upon inquiry and by consultation of texts on 

 veterinary anatomy to find an equivalent term in English for this very prominent 

 fossa. Hence 1 suggest the term pre-iliac. 



