HEMAL NODES IN BOVINES AND GOATS 363 



lyiuphatics in the heinolymph glands found in the neighborhood 

 of the aorta and inferior A^era cava in goats and cattle. For- 

 geot also found nodes in the lumbar region in the sheep and 

 goats and beneath the pericardial pleura in cattle, from which 

 blindly-ending lymphatics extended. These lymphatics were 

 represented and described as shorter or larger, markedly dis- 

 tended tubes which lay in the surrounding connective tissue 

 and returned to the node. A network of lymph vessels filled 

 with 'red lymph' was also seen around some hemolymph nodes. 

 Forgeot concluded that hemolymph nodes develop independ- 

 ently of the pre-existing lymphatics and that lymph vessels 

 join them only secondarily. 



In 1908, I independently reported finding subcutaneous 

 hemal nodes in bo vines giving their location, number and size, 

 etc., and stated that I was unable to demonstrate the presence 

 of lymph vessels by means of injections of India ink made di- 

 rectly into the nodes on carcasses of full grown cattle. I then 

 traced these nodes in foetuses down to a V. B. length of 22 cm. 

 In younger foetuses, I was unable to identify them. That re- 

 port also contains a comment on their structure and on some 

 other matters. 



The only full statement regarding hemal nodes is found in 

 the thesis of Piltz, '10. Although Piltz does not indicate the 

 scope of his examination he says that he used India ink and 

 blood serum to inject the mesenteric glands and vessels of ill- 

 fed bovines. (The italics are the writers). Among other 

 matters to be referred to in connection with my own results, 

 Piltz stated that his results are essentially like those of Weiden- 

 reich on sheep. Piltz also stated that although he had no con- 

 vincing proof for the assumption, yet he considered hemal nodes 

 only a stage in the development of lymph nodes and declared 

 that he found sufficient indication for the constant neo-forma- 

 tion of hemal nodes and of a constant readjustment within the 

 nodes themselves. However, Piltz presents no evidence what- 

 ever for these opinions, except to suggest that certain nodes 

 which are almost wholly depleted of lymphatic tissue are in a 

 developmental stage and to point to the existence of mixed 



