HEMAL NODES IN BOVINES AND GOATS 365 



evidence obtained iji the others helps to elucidate some of the 

 special features. 



The material upon which this article is based was far less 

 extensive than in case of the cat, dog, and especially the sheep. 

 Nevertheless, hundreds of carcasses of beeves were inspected 

 but injections were made only on the subcutaneous and abdom- 

 inal hemal nodes and the microscopical examination was con- 

 fined mainly to foetal and adult specimens of subcutaneous 

 nodes. The latter are particularly accessible and can be ex- 

 amined ad libitum in abattoirs without damage to or soiling of 

 the carcasses, while the lumbar or even the abdominal nodes as 

 a whole, are generally accessible only with difficulty because 

 thej^ are so deeply imbedded in fat. The purchase of living 

 animals did not seem ad\'isable or justifiable. 



Since the nodes in goats are as easily accessible as those in 

 sheep no especial difficulty is encountered in them except for 

 the comparative paucity of the nodes and the fewness of the 

 carcasses of goats in abattoirs. Hence only six carcasses and 

 two animals — all adults — were used. Two of the six carcasses 

 were from Angora goats. 



The most striking contrast between the hemal nodes of bo- 

 \dnes and the sheep lies in the larger size and comparative few- 

 ness of the lumbar, and the greater number of the mesenteric 

 and thoracic hemal nodes, and especialh' in the presence of large 

 subcutaneous hemal nodes, in bovines. Moreover, apparently 

 mixed forms, that is nodes partly dark red and gray and of 

 unusual size, also seem far more nmnerous in Bos taurus. I 

 take it that Lewis '04-a saw these when he said that ''Many 

 of the largest glands (9-10 cm. long) have not this structure, 

 but are of the nature of certain glands recently described by 

 Weidenreich. f\^erhandlungen der anatomischen Gesellschaft 

 vom 22, April, 1902). The particular structure here referred 

 to by Lewis is one in which there is a mixture of blood and lymph 

 in the sinuses. These nodes which Lewis did not find larger 

 than 2 by 1 cm. in ungulates, he regards as typical hemal lym- 

 phatic glands. The form described by Weidenreich, on the 

 other hand, according to Lewis, are nodes which contain dis- 



