60 MCMURRKICH. [Vot. III. 
corps est plus gréle par en bas que par en haut; ce qui leur 
donne absolument l’air d’une fleur portée sur un pédicule.” He 
places in the group Actinoloba dianthus and Z. sociata, the latter 
of which only belongs to the group as now limited. Later, 
Cuvier (17) made the formation of colonies the characteristic 
feature of the group. Ehrenberg ('34) established a definite 
family for the group, naming it Zoanthine and making it equiv- 
alent to-all the other forms which constituted the family Acti- 
nine. This arrangement was retained byvariousauthors; Gosse, 
however (60), separated the Actinaria, with which he associated 
the corals, into four tribes, viz.: Astraeacea, Caryophyllacea, 
Madreporacea and Antipathacea. The first of these contained 
the majority of the Actinians, the Zoanthidz and Capneas, how- 
ever, being relegated to the second group, which also contained 
the Turbinolidz, Oculinidez, and some other families of corals. 
In 1867 Gray ('67) divided the Zoanthinz into two sub-groups, 
separating from the fleshy forms those with incrustations of for- 
eign material, forming of the latter the sub-group Zoanthini paly- 
theine. Verrill (68) recognized the necessity for a more per- 
fect subdivision of the Zoanthids, and raised the group to the 
dignity of a sub-order, the Zoanthacez, still equivalent, how- 
ever, to the rest of the Actinians, and including the families 
Zoanthidz, Bergidz, and Orinidez, holding doubtful the pro- 
priety of establishing a fourth family for the separate attached 
forms which had been described under the generic name /saura, 
(Savigny) and H/ughea (Lamouroux.) Sphenopus he considered 
related to the Edwardsians, and hence did not take it into con- 
sideration. Verrill’s arrangement marks an epoch in the classi- 
fication of the Zoanthids, his families Zoanthidz and Bergidze 
being equivalent to the same groups as now defined, although 
the Orinidze (which includes a single species of Orzzza described 
by Duchassaing and Michelotti (60) ) probably does not belong 
to the sub-order at all, but contains a form related perhaps to 
some of the deep-sea forms, with pores instead of tentacles, 
which were obtained by the “ Challenger.” 
Klunzinger’s arrangement, so far as it goes, does not present 
any advance on Verrill’s, but Hertwig (82), having discovered 
the peculiar arrangement of the mesenteries of Zoanthids, Cerian- 
theze and Edwardsiz, makes of them three tribes, each equiva- 
lent to the Hexactinize, which includes the majority of the remain- 
