484 SHUFELDT. [Vot. III. 
This, however, does not apply to the two last-mentioned spe- 
cies, for in them these characters are far more like what we 
find in some of our typical Titmice, more especially such species 
as Parus gambeli or Parus atricapillus and its varieties. 
I would also especially note that the shape of the bill in 
A. erythrocephalus more nearly approaches that part of the 
anatomy in Chame@a than any other bird which I have compared 
with it, or which is supposed to bear any relationship with it. 
Let us next cut down upon some of the internal structures, and 
see what they seem to point to, in the way of affinities. 
The lower larynx or syrinx in Chamea, both in structure and - 
its musculature, seems to depart in no way whatever from its 
constitution in the smaller passerine birds generally. I have 
examined it in a number of species, including Accentor and the 
Paride. 
The ¢ongue, agreeing in its principal features with the tongue 
in true passerine birds, has, nevertheless, its extremity in Cha- 
mea bluntly truncated square across, and this margin finished 
off with a fringe of fine fimbriations. This is the case in most 
of the Tits, while in the Wrens (Sa/pzuctes) the extremity of the 
tongue seems to be simply pointed, and in Accentor it is dis- 
tinctly once notched in the middle line, with the bifurcations 
showing a tendency to fringe. 
As usual in Passeres the left carotid artery is the only one 
present, not only in our subject, but in all others examined. 
Upon examining the zx¢estinal tract, we find the pair of small 
coeca present in all the species under consideration, and Chamea 
agrees with both Wrens and Tits in possessing a wonderfully 
small gizzard. And in these birds the organ consists of a 
strong, firm internal corneous coat, overlaid by a thin and 
delicate muscular one which readily peels off, leaving the com- 
plete corrugated cast of the dense internal layer. This is the 
case also in the Himalayan Tits referred to above. <Accentor 
modularis, on the other hand, has a conspicuously large gizzard 
of very different structure ; for although it has a small corneous 
internal coat, this latter is covered by a thick and strong mus- 
cular layer, and upon opening it I find numerous pieces of hard, 
flinty gravel (as large as No. 8 shot) mixed with seeds and in- 
sects. Measuring the greatest median longitudinal line of the 
plucked head of a specimen of Chame@a, we find it to be equal 
