No. 3.] POSITION OF CHAMAA. 485 
to 3.2 cms., while the greatest diameter of its stomach in any 
direction is equal to 1.2 cms. Now the same measurements for 
the following species are : — 
Head Stomach 
farus inornatus griseus sia jas ve) «352, CMS.) 1.1) CMs. 
ALCENTOT MUMULEFES coe so lihas al anne eeu aE tee Boe a 
DSTIPINGIES ODSOULLYES. ia ru) eu ti eta) te PSO o 1 
PSAUPDEVUS DIETIOCUS Mn 3), tah | ie too) 0.9 '* 
Further, I would add that the corneous layer of the gizzard 
in Accentor is much thinner than we find it in the Wrens and 
Tits, while the external form of the organ is entirely different. 
Having carefully examined the myology of the limbs in Cha- 
mea and compared it with the corresponding structures in Tits, 
Wrens, Warblers, and the Accentor and others supposed to be 
more or less nearly related to our subject, I find no essential 
differences that will aid us in determining affinities. In all 
these forms, so far as I have been enabled to discover, the ori- 
gin and insertion of the patagial muscles of the arm and the 
thigh muscles are essentially passerine. 
With these investigations of the “soft parts” of Chamaa 
and its supposed affines before us, we will next pass to a 
comparative consideration of its skeleton. 
OF THE OSTEOLOGY. 
The Skull. — A great many of our smaller and ordinary pas- 
serine birds, such as the Wrens, Warblers, and some few others, 
have the superior osseous mandible, and the large subelliptical 
narial aperture on either side of it, constructed very much upon 
the same plan. The culmen is more or less curved gradually 
from frontal region to apex; the lateral edges are cultrate ; and 
there is never any bony septum nasi, while it is entirely open 
on the under side between the delicate anterior limbs of the 
palatines. Seen upon side view, this pattern of the upper 
bony beak is well shown in Chamea or in Psaltriparus or in 
Regulus (Figs. 1, 3, and 4), while, though the plan remains 
identically the same, the form is somewhat altered by the 
lengthening of the beak in such Wrens as Sa/pinctes (Fig. 7), 
Thyrothorus 6. spiturus, and the Canon Wren (Catherpes). It 
is seen again in the Warblers, where recognizable differences of 
form obtain to an extent in this part of the skull sufficient to 
