154 JOSEPH HALL BODINE 
decidedly less for growing animals, and in growth such losses 
are markedly more fatal than when growth has ceased. It is 
also of interest to note that the average losses in body weight 
and water for males are lower than those for females. 
The general effects of starvation, with and without water, are 
more graphically shown in figure 2, where some of the data from 
table 5 are represented in the form of curves. It is quite evident 
from these that grasshoppers must normally require water, and 
that any condition which deprives them of it results in marked 
losses to the animal, which rapidly become fatal. No results 
on 'metabolic water' (Babcock, 9) are available, but it appears 
that in the grasshopper there is present little of the power shown 
by clothes moths, etc., of maintaining the proper degree of 
moisture in the body tissues from water resulting from the 
oxidation of the organic matter comprising the food and tissues 
of the animal. 
C. Carbon-dioxide output 
The respiratory exchange of animals is of physiological sig- 
nificance, since it gives quantitative evidence of the metabolic 
processes taking place in the organism. Measurements are made 
either of the oxygen consumption or the carbon-dioxide output, 
and at present methods for the detection of the latter quantity 
hsive been greatly improved and are especially favorable for 
work on lower forms^ such as insects. The factor of greatest 
importance in such determinations, however, is the functional 
activity of the animal. In the organism as a whole, functional 
activity can be reduced only to a minimum, and in those animals, 
like insects, where narcotization is impossible, only approxi- 
mations to this can be obtained. 
From the results of various investigators, it is of interest to 
note that the respiratory rates for insects are considerably higher 
than those for other animals. For example, Vernon (16), finds 
that a cockroach, weighing 0.0007 kilogram, gives off 0.470 
gram of carbon dioxide per kilogram per hour, while a frog, 
weighing 0.004 kilogram, gives off only 0.140 gram. Smaller 
and younger individuals of different species tend to have the 
