70 



gans of taste of the rabbit and hare, and Krause observed them in 

 the fimbriae linguae (or gustatory lamellae) of man. 



In 1872 V. AjTAi found bulbs in the gustatory lamellae of the 

 horse, dog, and man. Hönigschmied has investigated them in the 

 papillae foliatae of the mouse, hare and guinea-pig, and in the fim- 

 briae linguae of the bat. 



PouLTON saye that the foliate papilla is well developed in Mar- 

 supialia, particularly in Phalangista where there are many furrows, 

 the sides of which are crowded with bulbs. 



Lustig and Hermann have studied the development of the taste 

 bulbs in the papilla foliata, the former in man and the rabbit, the 

 latter in the foetal and newborn rabbit. 



BouLART and Pilliet examined the tongues of a large number 

 of mammals with special reference to the presence or absence of the 

 papillae foliatae. They found them to exist in Marsupialia, Edentata, 

 Insectivora, Roden tia, Proboscidea, and swine. They were wanting in 

 Cetacea, Chiroptera, Perissodactyla, Ruminantia, and in the following 

 Carnivora: cat, lion, tiger, panther, jaguar, civet cat, genette, dog, 

 badger, polecat, marten, bear, and seal. 



There are probably many groups of existing animals whose re- 

 mote ancestors possessed foliate areas, but which have long since 

 disappeared from their present representation. In the swine, however, 

 we meet with an exception. The animals comprising this family have 

 undergone fewer structural modifications, from the primitive type, than 

 almost any other mammals since the Eocene periode. They still possess, 

 though in a somewhat degenerate form, the lateral organ of taste. 



This organ in the pig is now and then rudimentary, usually more 

 or less atrophied, and very frequently shows a want of symmetry 

 between the two papillae. 



The first tongue that I worked upon showed two apparently sym- 

 metrical foliate papillae, normally placed, of large size, and of the 

 usual form. Nothing in their gross appearance suggested that either 

 or both of them might l)e undeveloped examples of this organ. Such, 

 nevertheless, proved to be the case, when examined with the micro- 

 scope. Ridges and furrows were present, but the latter were nothing 

 more than very shallow depressions of the mucous membrane. The 

 epithelium (as seen in vertical and horizontal sections) is entirely un- 

 like that of the gustatory areas , resembling almost precise by that 

 covering the rest of the tongue. I war unable to detect any traces 

 of bulb-like structures, but serous glands are fairly numerous. A con- 

 siderable number of fat cells are present, massed together in smaller 



