310 



it is generally recognized that, biologically, these cells correspond to 

 the granular 'special' cells of the higher animals, and for that reason 

 they are classified with the 'leukocytes' (in the restricted sense) rather 

 than with the non-granular 'lymphocytes'. 



Many of the older writers regarded them as true granular leuko- 

 cytes for the reason that they believed that they could demonstrate 

 distinct granules in their cytoplasm. So we find Dekhuyzen des- 

 cribing fine granules in the polymorphonuclears of preparations of 

 frog's mesenterj^ and Niegolewski states that the lymphocytes and 

 polymorphonuclear cells of the salamander and of the frog contain 

 neutrophil granules. Klemensiewicz also describes fine neutrophil 

 granules in the leukocytes of Salamandra maculata and S. atra, as 

 well as in those of Eana esculenta and R. temporaria. Other investi- 

 gators, however, have been unable to detect granules in either the 

 lymphocytes or the polymorphonuclears of Amphibia. Geünbeeg, 

 using methylen-blue, triacid, etc., saw no granules in the lymphocytes 

 or polymorphonuclears of the Amphibia which he examined. He 

 was, of course, able to demonstrate the granules in the eosinophil 

 leukocytes, but his methods failed to differentiate granules in the 

 polymorphonuclear 'special' cells. Neumann states that the poly- 

 morphonuclears from the blood of the frog do not contain neutrophil 

 granules, or granules of any kind. Maximow failed to find granules 

 in the protoplasm of the polymorphonuclears of Axolotl, and Freid- 

 soHN, although be used the Giemsa staining combination, did not 

 see granules in the lymphocytes or polymorphonuclears of Eana and 

 Bufo. 



Freidsohn is the first of the authors cited to use a staining com- 

 bination containing azure, but, as we have just seen, his methods 

 failed to differentiate granules in the cells under discussion. Werz- 

 BERG also used a Romano wsky combination containing azure (Pap- 

 penheim's May- Giemsa combination), and was able to demonstrate 

 granules in the lymohocj^tes of several Amphibia and also in the 

 polymorphonuclear 'special' cells of Bombinator bombinus and 

 B. pachypus. The granules could not be seen with other staining 

 methods, consequently Werzberg concludes that they are ' azurophil ' 

 granules corresponding to those of the lymphoid cells of mammals. 

 Werzberg describes the granules as being very fine dust-like particles 

 which are extremely variable in their occurrence and distribution. 

 Some cells do not contain them, while the fine azurophil „Bestäubung" 



