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in Rana fusca, in part from cells that must be considered as belonging 
to the neurocranium, and when chondrification takes place the carti- 
lage of the process is at first wholly independent of that of the pa- 
lato-quadrate: In embryos of Lacerta the corresponding artic- 
ulation takes place, according to Gaupp (1900), between an indepen- 
dent piece of cartilage, the Cartilago articularis or Meniscus ptery- 
goideus, which belongs genetically to the palato-quadrate and a basi- 
pterygoid process which is considered by Gaupp as a special outgrowth 
of the basis cranii developed in relation to this articulation. But 
it is to be especially noted that the cartilages concerned in this 
reptilian cranio-palatoquadrate articulation (Junctura basi-palatina, 
(saupp) apparently lie morphologically dorso-anterior to the ramus 
palatinus facialis while the cartilages concerned in the corresponding 
amphibian articulation lie morphologically postero-ventral to that 
nerve. This may perhaps be explained by the conditions found in 
Amia, where the nervus palatinus perforates the floor of the myodome 
leaving a posterior portion of cartilage which is continuous with 
that portion of the lateral wall of the trigemino-facialis chamber 
that lies posterior to the trigeminus foramen, and an anterior portion 
which is continuous with that portion of the wall of the chamber 
that lies anterior to that foramen. And as the myodome and 
trigemino-facialis chamber are both intramural spaces (Auuıs, 1897), 
the posterior portion of cartilage above referred to would seem to 
represent the cranial process that gives articulation to the processus 
basalis in amphibians, while the anterior portion would seem to 
represent the processus basipterygoideus of reptilies. 
In Amia the pedate or basal process of the palato-quadrate is 
quite certainly represented, as already stated, in that dorso-mesial 
corner of the metapterygoid that lies internal to the metapterygoid 
process of my descriptions, and which I described as the anterior 
process of that bone. In teleosts it is represented in the dorsal portion 
of the mesial flange on the hind edge of the metapterygoid; this portion 
of the flange, in teleosts, being sometimes developed as a pronounced 
process (Scomber, Annis, 1903). 
The apparent independence of the processus basalis, in its 
development in certain vertebrates, might be explained by the as- 
sumption that it was derived, as the spiracular cartilage is considered 
to be, from a mandibular branchial ray or rays. But if that be 
