2 a 
Nachdruck verboten. 
New Nasal Muscles in the Reptilia. 
By Henry L. Bruner, Ph. D., of Irvington, Ind. (Butler College). 
(From the Anatomical Institute, Freiburg i/Br.) 
Having described a short time ago!) a new muscle-apparatus for 
opening and closing the external nares of the Salamandridae, I have 
been naturally led to investigate the Reptilia, some of which (Croco- 
dilia, Hydrophidae) have long been known to close the nasal openings. 
A review of the litterature has shown that, even in the groups men- 
tioned, the apparatus for opening and closing the external nares has 
not been adequately described, while the other Reptilia seem to have 
received no attention whatever. The only real work in this field is 
that of HorrmanNn?) who has reported the discovery of smooth nasal 
muscles in the Crocodile, without, however, giving any details in regard 
to their number, arrangement etc. 
The anatomical portion of my investigation of the Reptilia is al- 
most finished, but as I wish to supplement it by means of physio- 
logical observations, for which, at this season of the year, material 
cannot be obtained, I publish only the general anatomical results in 
this preliminary paper. 
1. The Crocodilia (Alligator sclerops, Crocodilus biporcatus) have 
for the opening and closing of the external nares a complete muscle- 
apparatus, which is entirely homologous with that of the Salamandridae. 
This apparatus is composed of smooth muscles and consists of 1) a 
semicircular musculus constrictor naris which is attached 
median and lateral to the margin of the apertura naris cranialis ex- 
terna, and 2) of a straight musculus dilatator naris which 
arises from the caudo-lateral margin of the apertura and inserts on 
the caudal lip of the nasal opening. 
2. In the Sauria (Monitor, Lacerta, Eumeces, Gongylus, Phryno- 
soma, Molochus, Agama, Platydactylus, Chamaeleon), there exists, in 
1) Archiv fiir Anatomie und Physiologie, Anatomische Abteilung, 1896, 
2) In “Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs”, Bd. 6, Abt. 3, 
Echsen und Wasserechsen. 
