402 DWIGHT E. MINNICH 



There were likewise certain other physiological conditions 

 which seemed to intensify photic reactions. Thus bees, upon first 

 recovering from anaesthesia, were frequently observed to creep 

 in very small circles toward the functional eye. Bees, which 

 throughout an experiment appeared physically weak, were also 

 apt to be more intense in their positive deflections. Examples 

 of this latter behavior were afforded by bees nos. 77 and 92. 

 Again, individuals which appeared vigorous at the beginning of 

 an experiment, but became weak and moribund toward the end, 

 generally showed a progressive increase in their circus movements. 

 For example, bee no. 91 circled rather strongly toward the cov- 

 ered eye at first. In the course of the experiment, the animal 

 became weak. Correspondingly, its average deflections became 

 more and more positive until, just before being discarded, it was 

 turning at the rate of +23.82°/cm. in 957 mc. light. 



These instances demonstrate the profound manner in which 

 internal factors are capable of modifying photic behavior. As a 

 rule, only the change in behavior is noted. The recognition of 

 the internal state which conditions this outward expression is 

 possible only in extreme cases. Nevertheless, I believe that these 

 internal factors were directly responsible for most of the sudden 

 variations which characterized the behavior of so many bees. 



Thus far we have tacitly assumed that the honey-bee is a purely 

 reflex organism. It is not the purpose of the present paper to 

 discuss the mooted question of psychic powers in this animal. It 

 may be said, however, that the opinion advanced by Bethe ('98), 

 that the behavior of bees affords no evidence of psychical attri- 

 butes, has not met with extensive approbation. Forel ('07) and 

 V. Buttel-Reepen ('07), in particular, have presented consider- 

 able evidence to show that bees are something more than mere 

 reflex machines. 



V. Buttel-Reepen ('07, p. 23) has shown that after bees have 

 been deadened with chloroform, ether, saltpeter, puff ball, etc., 

 their memory for location entirely disappears. Subsequently they 

 may again 'learn' the position of the hive, etc., but for the time 

 at least, ''they have forgotten everything previously known." 

 My own observations have shown that during recovery from an 



