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a little more than 2 cm above the bifurcation of the aorta. It passed 
without branching into the inner aspect of the convex lower end of 
the kidney. 
On the left side a large artery about 1 cm in calibre arose from 
the left side of the aorta about 1,5 cm below the superior mesenteric 
artery and opposite to the second or typical right renal artery. Opposite 
the third right renal artery a second artery arose on the left side about 
4 mm in calibre. 
There was only one renal vein on each side. The right vein arose 
in the hilum of the kidney by six small tributaries which soon coalesced 
to form the main trunk. This vessel passed out slightly anterior to 
the third renal artery to join the vena cava inferior. In the hilum the 
relations were as follows: 
The vein was dorsal to the third renal artery but in a plane 
ventral to the lower branch of the second renal artery and also ventral 
to the fourth renal artery. The ureter lay dorsal to the renal vein and 
ventral to the lower branch of the second renal artery and also more 
posteriorly, it was ventral to the fourth an fifth renal arteries. The 
left renal vein joined the inferior vena cava at a higher level than 
the right. 
The right kidney presented no abnormality in position or structure. 
The hilum was very well marked, being bounded by prominent dorsal 
and ventral lips and measuring 6,5 cm long and 1,5 cm broad at its 
widest point. The kidney itself measured 9,5 cm long and 4 cm broad, 
the measurements being somewhat under the average. 
In discussing this case with Professor ULELAND, he directed my 
attention to two specimens in the Anatomical Museum of this Univer- 
sity. In one case there are three arteries to each kidney. On the 
right side the first renal artery arises from the aorta about 1 em below 
the origin of the superior mesenteric artery; the second arises from the 
aorta about 1 cm below the first, and both arteries pass behind the 
inferior vena cava to the hilum of the kidney. The third renal artery 
arises from the right common iliac artery and passes to the posterior 
end of the mesial border of the kidney. On the left side the first two 
renal arteries arise from the aorta opposite the origins of the right 
arteries and pass to the hilum of the left kidney. The third left renal 
artery arises from the aorta 2 cm above its bifurcation and enters the 
posterior part of the inner border of the kidney. On the right side 
there are three renal veins passing from the hilum of the kidney dorsal 
to the arteries, on the left side there is one normally situated vein. 
In the other example there is a large renal artery arising from the 
right side of the aorta below the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery 
and passing to the kidney, which must have been situated at a con- 
siderably lower level than normal. Near the gland the artery breaks 
up into numerous small branches some of which enter the ventral, some 
the dorsal aspect of that organ. 
Variations in the numbers of renal arteries are not uncommon, 
According to Macarıster (1) out of every seven kidneys examined, 
three are found to have variations in the number of vessels. The most 
