And the “ Great Carolina Marl Bed.” 29 
the great hollows or basins below the Ocean-level, as 
represented in Plate II. 
We apprehend it did not require a very long time, 
nor much friction to reduce these comparatively soft 
lumps of Marl rock to the rounded or nodular forms 
they now have. Every gale drove them further and 
further upon the submarine beach, until at last, they 
were deposited in the lagoons or basins formed within 
the sand-reach of the coast as represented in Plate II. 
Professor Ansted, describing the Phosphate beds 
near Cambridge, England, writes—and we quote him 
in corroboration of our own views on this subject: 
“Many years ago a discovery of Phosphate of Lime 
was made in the so-called Crag beds of Suffolk, and 
afterwards in the Green-sands of many parts of the 
southeast of England.” (This corresponds with the 
Eocene or Green-sand of South Carolina.) “ The 
former contain beds consisting of nodules of exceed- 
ingly hard material, which, when ground, are soluble 
in sulphuric acid, and then form a most valuable 
manure. The proportion of Phosphate of Lime in 
these nodules varies from 50 to 60 per cent.” Now 
observe the analogy between the English and the 
Carolina Beds as regards origin. Professor Ansted 
continues: ‘‘ The Crag nodules are found in the newer 
TERTIARY GRAVELS, but the nodules themselves are 
believed to have been washed out of older rocks 
also of TERTIARY AGE.” It was, undoubtedly, so with 
the South Carolina Phosphate-rocks. 
The next great change was the upheaval of the 
whole seaboard country by some geological agency, 
