1905] JACKSON— PACKARD'S "LAMARCK" 37 
In 1793 Lamarck, then in his fiftieth year, assumed the duties of his 
professorship of the zoology of invertebrate animals, and with the vigor of an 
intellectual giant took up new labors in an untrodden field both in pure science 
and philosophic thought. Already extensive collections had accumulated at 
the Paris museum and to Lamarck fell the task of arranging and classifying them 
as well as teaching. The result of his studies in this line was his great work in 
seven volumes known under the title Anitnaux sans UrR/i/vs, the first volume 
appearing in 1801, and the last, or seventh, in 1822. 
Besides botany and zoblogy Lamarck studied and published on the 
sciences of meteorology, physics, chemistry, geology and palieontology. When 
a medical student in Paris he studied the clouds from his attic window and (as 
Professor Ward informs me) published the first classification of clouds. He 
was the first one to foretell the probabilities of the weather, thus anticipating by 
half a century the modern idea of making the science of meteorology of practi- 
cal use to mankind. From 1799 to 1810 he regularly published an annual meteor, 
ological report containing the statement of probabilities acquired by a long 
series of observations. 
In palteontology he did pioneer work, he combats the view that fossils 
are extinct species and that the earth has passed through a general catastrophe, 
but urges that species have changed as a result of time, and that fossil forms 
are the ancestors of animals now living. In the first published expression of 
his views on palceontology in 1801 we find the following truths enumerated on 
which the science is based: ( i ) The great length of geological time: ( 2 ) The 
continuous existence of animal life all through the different geological periods 
without sudden extinctions and as sudden recreations of new assemblages: ( 3 ) 
The physical environment remaining practically the same throughout in general, 
but with iq) continual, gradual but not catastrophic changes in the relative 
distribution of land and sea and other modifications in the physical geography, 
changes which (5) caused corresponding changes in the habitat and (6) con- 
sequently in the habits of the living beings; so that there has been all through 
geological history a slow modification of life-forms. Professor Packard therefore 
enters the claim that Lamark was one of the chief founders of palaeontology 
and the first French author of a detailed palaeontological work. It must be ad. 
mitted that the statement generally made that Cuvier was the founder of this 
science must be modified though he may be regarded as the chief founder of 
vertebrate as Lamarck was of invertebrate palaeontology. 
Lamarck was a uniformitarian in his views of geology and biology in 
contradistinction to Cuvier who was a catastrophist. Lamarck contended that 
