84 LEPIDOPTERA. 



surface, and there spins up, covered only by the thin skin of 

 the bark. It inhabits branches and stems of all sizes from 

 one-third of an inch to the thickness of a man's leg, but keeps 

 generally near the ground. It forms no cocoon, the upper 

 end of the feeding tunnel for three or four inches is merely 

 made large enough to change in and also to allow the pupa 

 to work up and down by means of the spines on its abdomen, 

 which it does with the utmost facility, the bottom of this 

 portion of the tunnel being closed by a plug of wood raspings. 

 It will even force out the head portion of the pupa through 

 the bark when ready to emerge, and then if the weather is 

 dull, withdraw again, perhaps even for a day or two. It is 

 found in trees and isolated bushes outside woods." 



Pupa rather slender with the back of the thorax and head 

 smoothly rounded off to the front, where is a sharp projection, 

 like a beak, pointing a little forwards, and apparently used 

 for piercing the bark when ready to emerge. Antenna and 

 wing cases prominent. Each segment of the abdomen 

 lurnished at its front edge with a row of broad, closely set 

 points, those on the hinder segments much the most prominent, 

 while the anal segment has a series of large strong raised 

 points, and is bent forward so as most effectively to use them 

 in moving up and down its tunnel. Colour shining dark 

 pitchy brown with the edges of the limb cases and iiicisions 

 of the segments reddish brown. (The living pupa was 

 furnished by Mr. A. F. Griffiths.) 



The moth emerges in the early morning sunshine, sits on 

 the leaves of the alder trees and neighbouring plants, and flies 

 about them in bright warm sunshine, but is very rarely seen. 

 Many have been captured by Messrs. Tugwell and Robinson 

 by taking freshly reared females to their haunts and thereby 

 attracting the males. These are described as coming up 

 with a straight booming flight that is unmistakable, but if 

 alarmed dashing off with such rapidity that the eye cannot 

 follow their motions. Found most frequently in Tilgate 



