CHAP. XXII.] MOLLUSCA. 527 



archipelagoes. In the Philippines, for example, the proportion 

 of the Operculata is a little more than one-seventh ; in the 

 Mauritius, between one-third and one-fourth ; in Madeira, one- 

 fourteenth ; in the whole American continent about one-eighth ; 

 but when we come to the Antilles we find them to amount to 

 nearly five-sixths, about half the Operculata of the globe being 

 found there ! 



Mr. Bland endeavours to ascertain the source of some of the 

 chief genera found in the West Indian Islands, on the principle 

 that " each genus has had its origin where the greatest number 

 of species is found ;" and then proceeds to determine that some 

 have had an African, some an Asiatic, and some an American 

 origin, while others are truly indigenous. But we fear there is 

 no such simple way of arriving at so important a result ; and in 

 the case of groups of extreme antiquity like the genera of mol- 

 lusca, it would seem quite as possible that the origin of a genus 

 is generally not where the greatest number of species are now 

 found. For during the repeated changes of physical conditions 

 that have everywhere occurred since the Eocene period (to go 

 no further back) every genus must have made extensive migra- 

 tions, and have often become largely developed in some other 

 district than that in which it :first appeared. As a proof of this, 

 we not unfrequently find fossil shells where the species and even 

 the genus now no longer exists ; as Auricula, found fossil in' 

 Europe, but only living in the Malay and Pacific Islands ; Anas- 

 toma and Mcgaspira, now peculiar to Brazil, but fossil in the 

 Eocene of France ; and Proserpina of the West Indies, found in 

 the Eocene formation of the Isle of Wight. The only means by 

 which the origin of a genus can satisfactorily be arrived at, is by 

 tracing back its fossil remains step by step to an earlier form ; 

 and this we have at present no means of doing in the case of 

 the land-shells. Taking existing species as our guide we should 

 certainly have imagined that the genus Equus originated in 

 Africa or Central Asia ; but recent discoveries of numerous 

 extinct species and of less specialized forms of the same type, 

 seem to indicate that it originated in North America, and that 

 the whole tribe of " horses " may be, for anything we yet know 



