4 
On red soil, and particularly where the slope is not very steep, 
the pah paa has a much greater variety of trees; here Diéptero- 
carpus tuberculatus is one of the most noticeable trees and reaches 
a large size as does also Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, and sometimes 
Melanorrhoea usitata, but most of the other trees, such as Shorea 
obtusa, Quercus Helferiana, Buchanania latifolia, Diospyros 
ehretioides, Strychnos Nuz-vomica, and many others, are small. 
Here again most of the shrubs are burnt down to the ground in the 
hot season, throwing up fresh shoots in the rains, Ochna Wallichit, 
which sometimes grows out into a small tree, Ellipeia chereevensis, 
Blinkworthia lycioides and Clausena excavata being the commonest. 
he ground is covered with a tufted growth of grasses and 
cyperads, amongst which numerous herbaceous plants spring up 
during the rains. A considerable number of these, belonging to 
various natural orders, have grass-like leaves and they are nearly 
all perennials with tuberous roots, annuals being rare. Many have 
conspicuous flowers such as the orchids Spathoglottis pubescens 
and Eulophia graminea, the pretty blue iris (J. Colletti), whose 
flowers open in the afternoon, Curcuma sessilis, Crotalaria neriifolia, 
Barleria cristata, Vernonia teres, and Striga Masuria. Epiphytes 
are abundant; particularly noticeable is the curious Diéschidia 
Rafflesiana with its clusters of pitcher leaves, which are not, by the 
way, us or storing water, forming extensive growths on 
Dipterocarpus tuberculatus. Other common epiphytes are a species 
of Hoya, and numerous orchids—of which Dendrobium secundum, 
Dendrobium Draconis, Eria Grifithit, Aerides multiforum, Brom- 
headia aporoides and Sarcanthus Williamsont are among the 
commonest. 
Above 2000 ft., the typical pah paa is succeeded by a jungle 
with a great variety of trees, many of them lofty, a considerable 
undergrowth of shrubs and herbs, many woody climbers and 
numerous epiphytes. This jungle, which might be called an oa 
jungle from the number of species of Quercus and Castanopsis 
occurring in it, is also subject to forest fires, but is not so com- 
pletely burnt as the jungles below. There is a mixture of deciduous 
and evergreen irees, the most abundant being several species of 
Quercus and Castanopsis, Gmelina arborea, Bauhinia variegata, 
Cassia Fistula, Schima Wallichii, and Lagerstreemia Balansae, A 
number of the trees support such woody climbers as Dalbergia 
stipulacea, Celastrus paniculata, Millettia auriculata, var. extensa 
and Hiptage Madablota. Here also most of the herbs are 
perennials with tuberous roots, conspicuous being several Scit- 
aminads, Gagnepainia sp., Cureuma sp. and Kaempferia rotunda, 
flowering towards the end of the dry season, after the fires, their 
leaves not appearing till the rains. Among other herbs found are 
Cynoglossum micranthum, Disporum calcaratum, Hapaline Benth- 
amiana and Eulophia nuda. The epiphytes are chiefly orchids, 
many with very fine flowers as Dendrobium gratiosissimum, 
Dendrobium aggregatum, the curious little hairy Dendrobium sessile, 
Coelogyne Rhodeana, and Vanda Parishii. There are also a few 
epiphytic ferns. This jungle is found in open valleys, and on 
moderate slopes from about 2000 to 3000 ft. In the narrower 
