34 HUBER. [Vol. XVI. 



under the place of exit of the vagus, glosso-pharyngeal, and 

 facial nerves, and sends branches to the trigeminus ; at the 

 point of union of the sympathetic with the cranial nerves men- 

 tioned, small sympathetic ganglia are usually found. At the 

 anterior end of the trunk the two chains approach each other 

 and present a relatively large ganglion — the splanchnic gan- 

 glion. In the trunk the two chains are found immediately 

 under the. vertebral column above the kidney, in which they 

 may in part be imbedded. The caudal portion is found within 

 the haemal arch, accompanying the aorta. The trunkal and 

 caudal portions receive rami communicantes from the ante- 

 rior roots of the spinal nerves. At the point of junction of 

 the rami with the sympathetic cords small ganglia are found, 

 which may be of microscopic size, or large enough to be recog- 

 nized with the naked eye. This brief description of the sym- 

 pathetic system of fishes is taken from Stanius's Handbiich der 

 Zootomie, Zweiter Theil, Die Wirbelthiere, Zweite Auflage, 

 pp. 143-146. The ganglia especially studied by me were the 

 splanchnic and several small ganglia found in connection with 

 the cardiac and intestinal branches of the vagus and the cells 

 of Auerbach's plexus. 



Literature. — The literature bearing on this portion of the 

 subject is very meager. In the literature at my disposal I 

 have found no observations on the structure of the larger sym- 

 pathetic ganglia of fishes, made with the Golgi or methylene 

 blue method. Monti (6) has used the Golgi method in study- 

 ing the intestinal canal of teleosts with reference to its nerve 

 supply, and has described small ganglia, composed of multipo- 

 lar cells, possessing a single, unbranched axis-cylinder process. 

 These ganglia take part in the formation of a plexus found in 

 the submucosa, and from it fibers are given off which form a 

 plexus in the muscularis mucosa. This latter plexus is con- 

 tinuous with a periglandular plexus, in which nerve cells, also 

 with a single axis-cylinder process and surrounded with a very 

 complicated network of fine fibrillae, are found. Sakusseff (7), 

 a pupil of Dogiel, has stained the nerve plexus in the intestine 

 of fishes with methylene blue. I was, however, not able to 

 obtain the original article. Dogiel, in his brief reference to 



