86 OTTO F. KAMPMEIER 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTERIOR LYMPH HEARTS" 
Jourdain (’83) probably was the first to make a statement 
respecting the development of the lymph hearts in Anura. But 
his paper is chiefly concerned with the formation of several lymph 
sinuses in the frog, and his allusion to the hearts is very cursory, 
these being dismissed in a few sentences. He pointed out that 
a small pulsating vesicle, the posterior lymph heart, is visible, 
one on each side, at the base of the tail in tadpoles on which the 
hind limbs are budding, and that it conducts the lymph into a 
branch of the posteardinal vein. On the other hand, the lymph 
from the anterior regions of the larva flows directly, according 
to him, into the precardinal vein, as in fishes. The anterior pair 
of lymph hearts are considered independent (?) structures, which 
do not appear until the pectoral girdle has been formed. 
13T¢ would seem superfluous again to draw the distinction between ‘lymph 
heart’ and ‘lymph sac’ or ‘sinus’, were it not for the confusion of terms and ideas 
that is evident in several recent papers on the lymphatic system. In Mrs. Eleanor 
L. Clark’s paper (715) on the early lymphatics of the chick, the difference between 
lymph sacs and lymph hearts is disregarded, as may be instanced by the follow- 
ing quotation: ‘‘According to Baranski and Fedorowicz, the lymph hearts are 
formed from two or three lymphatics instead of from a luxuriant plexus, as in 
birds and mammals. However, Knower and Kampmeier state that in frog and 
toad embryos, the anterior lymph heart is formed from numerous lymphatic 
capillaries.’’ In criticism, I wish to state that the researches of Baranski and 
Fedorowicz, here mentioned, deal only with the genesis of the posterior lymph 
hearts in Anura, and genetic peculiarities distinguish them from their fellows in 
the anterior region of the body. Further, Knower is mistated, and my paper, 
to which reference was made, published in 1915, is absolutely not concerned with 
the development of the anterior pair of lymph hearts, but describes the origin of 
a few lymphatic ducts and especially that of the large lymph sinus of the head 
which is not the same thing as the lymph heart. My studies of the heart were _ 
briefly reported for the first time before the American Anatomists during the 
Christmas holidays of 1916, a year after Mrs. Clark’s article appeared. In the 
Amphibia, lymph heart and lymph sae or sinus are distinct structures, one pos- 
sesses muscular walls and pulsates, the other is a modified lymph duct ora trans- 
formed lymph capillary plexus. 
Miss Sabin also uses lymph heart and lymph sac indiscriminately. Thus 
(13, p. 56), she has the following sentence: ‘‘Weliky, Jossifov, and Favaro 
thought that the posterior lymph heart arose from the dilatation of the caudal 
lymph trunks which grow from the anterior lymph hearts, and Jourdain describes 
them as being formed by a rapid destruction of connective tissue.’’ Jourdain’s 
account, here mentioned (Comptes Rendues, 96, 1883), does not pertain to the 
formation of lymph hearts, but refers to that of the lymph sacs. 
