412 HOPKINS. [Vol. XI. 



(64) discovered in the pig the existence of two kinds of glands, 

 — the gastric or peptic, and pyloric or mucous glands. Dur- 

 ing this period there was noticed in the gastric glands only- 

 one kind of element, large rounded and very granular cells, 

 which Frerichs called pepsin cells. Of all the authors, includ- 

 ing Kolliker (1856), Milne-Edwards (1859), Leydig (1866), and 

 Klein (1870), who at this time gave attention to the structure 

 of the glands in the fundus of the stomach, no one mentions 

 any other kind of cell. 



The second period in the growth of our knowledge concern- 

 ing the fine anatomy of the enteron dates from the appearance 

 of three articles by Rollet (55), Heidenhain (24), and Ebstein 

 (17) in 1870, and continues to the year 1880. 



Rollet distinguished in the glands of the stomach two kinds 

 of cells, which he called " delomorphous " and " adelomorphous " 

 cells. Heidenhain established the same distinction under the 

 names of " Hauptzellen " and " Belegzellen " (principal and 

 border or parietal cells), terms which were also employed by 

 Ebstein, and which have come into general use. Ebstein 

 devoted himself especially to the study of the pyloric glands, 

 and so thorough was he in this that his descriptions and figures 

 have been but little improved upon to the present day. " It 

 was established from this time that in the mammals the base 

 of the cardiac glands of the stomach was occupied by a cover- 

 ing formed of cylindrical cells more or less granular, the prin- 

 cipal cells; that the upper portion was covered by very large 

 cells charged with granules, the pepsin cells of Frerichs; and 

 that in the middle of the tube the prismatic cells occupy the 

 axis of the gland tube; the border cells were crowded to the 

 outside, and determined by their exterior projection that bulg- 

 ing aspect of the isolated gastric glands, which one meets in 

 all the previous accurately made drawings." (Pielliet.) 



In the second edition of his Tr'aite d' Anatomic, 1873, Sappey 

 gave a morphological description of the glandular tubes in dif- 

 ferent kinds of vertebrates, but he failed to discern more than 

 one form of cell in the gastric tubule; he says that they are 

 formed of two tunics. The ectal, which is amorphous and homo- 

 geneous, presents no apparent difference in the two kinds of 



