538 LOUISE SMITH 



('00, p. 138) describes in the tongue of Salamandra maculosa and 

 of the 'oto-glossal cartilage' which Cope finds in the Ambly- 

 stomidae ('87, pp. 87 and 88) and considers a distinctive feature of 

 that family ('89, p. 33). 



The first ceratobranchial articulates proximally with the 

 basibranchial at the point where the gradual reduction of the 

 lateral shelf forms an angle in that cartilage; the second cerato- 

 branchial articulates with the posterior end of the basal piece as 

 in the larva (figs. 17 and 18). Both are slender rod-like cartilages 

 which pass postefolaterally to articulate distally with each other 

 and with the proximal end of the first epibranchial. This last- 

 named cartilage is another delicate rod which extends latero- 

 posteriorly and lies at the side of the throat in a curious sac 

 which will be described later under M. ceratohyoideus internus. 

 Only in its anterior third is the adult epibranchial the same 

 cartilage as the larval first epibranchial. Its posterior part 

 consists of a new structure which buds off at metamorphosis, as 

 described below. The distal end of the larval first epibranchial, 

 as well as the whole of the second and third epibranchials, have 

 broken down and become wholly lost. 



It may not be extraneous at this point to note the relationships 

 which it is possible for the cartilages of the central portion to 

 assume when the tongue is extruded to its greatest extent. At 

 that time the epibranchials are pushed anteromedially so that 

 their distal ends lie just in the opening of the sac and their proximal 

 ends lie in contact with each other at the curve of the mandible; 

 the ceratobranchials are collapsed like the ribs of a closed 

 umbrella and lie within the epithelium of the tongue stalk with 

 all but their posterior tips entirely outside the mouth; and 

 undoubtedly the 'little horns' are then tipped forward in the 

 plane of the basibranchial as Wiedersheim found to be the case 

 in Salamandrina perspicillata ('75, pp. 88 and 89), though this 

 last fact I have not yet verified. 



