1 6 PALEOLITHIC MAN AT CRF.SWELL. 



and able to hold his ground against the savage beasts that 

 surrounded him on every side, and amidst vicissitudes of climate 

 to which we are now strangers. Further discoveries led to the 

 knowledge of the fact that many of the leading characteristics 

 of these primitive men, their habits, manner of living, their 

 progress in civilization, the successive appearance of tribes, and 

 in some cases even their physical conformation, can be arrived at. 

 M. Broca, in his address to the French Association in 1877, 

 showed how, on the Continent at any rate, there has been 

 sufficient evidence to satisfy him and other foreign geologists, 

 proving the existence of at least three races of men who 

 succeeded one another in Europe, before the dawn of history. I 

 must however state, before giving an outline of this evidence, that 

 it is not altogether accepted in this country, and at present the 

 conclusions derived from the discoveries in certain foreign caves, 

 of human bones associated with the Pleistocene fauna, must be 

 received with very considerable doubt. According to M. Broca's 

 account, in his address last year, there seems to have been first a 

 strongly-marked dolicho-cephalic or long-headed race, which has 

 been called that of Canstadt, the locality where certain bones of 

 man were found in conjunction with implements of a very rude 

 type ; the nearest approach to this race of man, as far as physical 

 conformation goes, is to be found amongst the Esquimaux and 

 the natives of Australia. But a few fragmentary skulls and bones 

 were found in the Canstadt cave, but these men may be looked 

 upon as the makers and users of the rudest implements of the river 

 gravels and of the caverns, and the contemporaries of the extinct 

 Mammalia ; they were replaced by another race more advanced in 

 several respects, although also a long-headed one, but of a higher 

 type, according to M. Broca, and of taller stature, a race also 

 which showed signs of a more advanced civilization ; it has been 

 named after the cave of Cromagnon, in which some human 

 skeletons were found side by side with Pleistocene remains ; but 

 whether these skeletons were really of the same date as those 

 remains of the Pleistocene age, must be open to question; and 

 Professor Boyd Dawkins has shown good reason why we should 

 suspend our judgment as to the evidence of Cromagnon, but 



