PALAEOLITHIC MAN AT CkESWELL. 



used were mostly the hard quartzites derived from the Bunter 

 Conglomerates ; these were sometimes taken without any pre- 

 paration, and used as hammers or crushers or pot-boilers, 

 others have had a few flakes roughly chipped from them, to en- 

 able them to be held more readily. In some cases flakes struck 

 from a large pebble have, by additional chipping, been adapted 

 for use as scrapers, knives, or hatchets ; besides the quartzite 

 pebbles, in one or two instances pieces of clay iron ore have 

 been fashioned into tools of the oval or leaf shaped form. 

 The only type of implements to which we can refer these rude 

 Creswell specimens is that of S. Acheul and Moustier, and 

 the men would be a wandering tribe of the race of Canstadt. 

 The next point to be noted is that the implements of the 

 upper cave earth, and of the breccia, show a marked and 

 gradual progress in civilization ; the quartzite pebbles appear to 

 have been replaced, although not all at once, by the more 

 tractable flint ; we first find rude chips of flint and some 

 flakes mingled with quartzite implements, these latter become 

 more and more scarce, and the flint tools present a greater 

 variety of form, and a superior finish, as we approach the top 

 of the series of beds. Well-made lance heads, chipped on 

 both faces, similar to those so characteristic of Solutre, and 

 Laugerie- Basse were found, also delicately-made borers and 

 scrapers, and together with these we find that awls, needles, 

 arrow heads, and other implements of bone were in use ; and 

 lastly, that the artistic perception was not altogether absent. 

 A well and truthfully-executed engraving of the fore-quarters of 

 a horse,* was found in the Robin Hood Cave, in the upper 

 cave earth ; this is identical in character with the well-known 

 figure from the Caves of Perigord, and from Kesserloch ; and 

 this, as well as the general character of the implements, affords 

 the clearest proof that the hunters of the Horse and Reindeer 

 of Southern France and Switzerland had found their way 

 along the Great Eastern Valley now covered by the waters of 



"The first trace," as Professor Dawkins has observed, "of pictorial art 

 yet discovered in Great Britain." 



